Glossary

Abdomen: Also called the "belly," this is the part of the body that includes the area approximately from the chest to the hips.
Absolute Eosinophil Count: The total level of eosinophils in your blood count.
Acid Reflux: A condition in which contents from the stomach come back up into the esophagus and is often accompanied by a painful sensation behind the breast bone called "heartburn."
Adhesion: Scar tissue that forms on the external surface of the intestine causing it to become stuck to an adjacent structure. Adhesions may cause partial obstructions by deforming part of the intestinal tract and may form after an abdominal operation.
Adrenal Insufficiency, Primary: Adrenal glands produce insufficient quantities of regulatory hormones leading to low blood pressure, low blood sugar and fatigue (weakness) particularly during times of illness.
Adrenal Insufficiency, Secondary: Adrenal insufficiency related to long-term steroid use. Symptoms similar to primary adrenal insufficiency.
Allergen: A protein that induces an immediate (IgE) or late (cell mediated) allergic reaction.
Allergic Rhinitis: Sneezing, stuffy and/or runny nose triggered by inhaled allergens.
Allergist: A physician who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of allergic disorders, including asthma, allergic skin rashes, allergic rhinitis, and food allergies.
Allergy: An abnormal immune system response to any stimulus that can take any of 4 different types of reaction characteristics (Immediate/IgE-Mediated, Cytotoxic, Immune Complex-Mediated or Delayed/Cell-Mediated); the classic working definition used by most physicians only includes immediate response allergic reactions (IgE-Mediated).
American Partnership for Eosinophilic Disorders (APFED): A patient advocacy group that improves the lives of patients and families affected by eosinophil-associated diseases through education, research, and advocacy.
Amino Acid: Amino acids are the building blocks of all proteins. Some amino acids also function as chemical signals, such as neurotransmitters.
Amylase: The digestive enzyme needed to digest starches (complex carbohydrates). This enzyme is produced by the pancreas and is also found in the saliva.
Anal Fissure: A crack in the skin tissue of the anus. Fissures may bleed and become irritated or infected with bowel movements, therefore good hygiene habits are necessary.
Anaphylaxis: An acute IgE-mediated allergic response that can be life-threatening.
Anemia: Refers to low red blood cell and low hemoglobin level count. There are many causes of anemia, the most common of which is iron deficiency.
Anorexia: Loss of appetite from any cause. It can have physiologic and/or psychological components.
Anorexia Nervosa: A psychological disorder of body image in which the individual feels overweight regardless of actual weight. Persons affected by this disorder have a fear of gaining weight and may use excessive exercise, laxatives and/or skipping of meals in order to achieve what they perceive as an ideal body weight and image. Complications may include nutritional deficiencies, osteoporosis, organ dysfunction or failure, and in extreme cases, coma and/or death.
Antibody(ies): (See also Immunoglobulin Antibodies) A protein produced by the body’s immune system that helps neutralize germs by recognizing and binding a specific antigen.
Antihistamine: A medication that blocks the action of histamine in the body. Typical uses of Histamine subtype 1 blockers (H1 Blockers) include stopping or decreasing allergic reactions such as hives, allergic rhinitis, and/or eczema, decreasing nausea and dizziness associated with motion sickness or chemotherapy drugs, and helping with sleep problems. Non-sedating antihistamines are relatively new and are used for daytime allergy sufferers. Typical uses for histamine subtype 2 blockers (H2 Blockers) which block acid effects include stomach ulcers, heartburn and GERD.
Anus: An opening in the rectum that allows stool to move out of the body (bowel movement). Common problems with the anus are hemorrhoids, abscesses, and fissures (cracks), and cancer.
APFED: See American Partnership for Eosinophilic Disorders.
APT: See Atopy Patch Test.
Ascending Colon: The part of the large intestine located on the right side of the abdomen that attaches the cecum with the hepatic flexure at the start of the transverse colon.
Ascites: A collection of fluid in the abdomen.
Asthma: A disorder causing the airways to become inflamed and narrowed due to mucous production and leads to symptoms of wheezing, shortness of breath, coughing and chest tightness in response to stimuli that would not cause reactions in healthy individuals. Asthma can be triggered by an inhaled allergen.
Asymptomatic: Absence of symptoms.
Atopy: The predisposition to develop the constellation of allergic diseases including eczema, rhinitis, asthma, and conjunctivitis in individuals with a family history of these problems. This inherited tendency to develop certain allergic hypersensitivity reactions is associated with elevation of IgE.
Atopy Patch Test (APT): A method used to assist in the diagnosis of delayed food allergy by placing a small amount of an allergen on the skin for an extended period of time and evaluating the skin reaction at specific intervals. The role of APT in identifying food triggers in EGID has not been validated in large studies.
Autoimmune Disease: A disease in which a part of the body's immune system attacks its own cells that make up part of the body, such as skin, connective or joint tissue, intestinal tissue, nerve cells, etc.
Barium Enema: See Water Soluble contrast Enema (Contrast Enema)
Barium Swallow: (see also Upper GI X-Ray) A test in which X-rays are taken after one has swallowed a liquid radiocontrast material called barium. The test is used to diagnose and determine the extent of swallowing problems.
Barrett's Esophagus: A condition in which the inner lining of the esophagus becomes damaged due to stomach acid refluxing into the lower part of the esophagus. The condition can increase the chances of getting esophageal cancer.
Basophil: A circulating white blood cell that bears IgE receptors, releases histamine and is involved in allergic reactions.
Benralizumab: A monoclonal antibody medication that works by reducing a certain type of white blood cell to help decrease swelling and irritation of the airways to allow for easier breathing.
Bile: A digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It is needed for proper digestion of fats. Bile is re-absorbed in the small intestine and recycled back to the liver.
Bile Duct: A tube that connects the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. Its function is to allow bile to flow into the small intestine.
Biliary: Referring to any duct or organ in the biliary system; the bile ducts, liver and/or gallbladder.
Biopsy: A tissue sample. In the case of digestive diseases, the biopsy is usually painless and is taken from the inner layers of the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines during endoscopy and colonoscopy procedures.
Bloating: A puffing up of the abdomen, usually caused by excess gas that has accumulated in the small and/or large intestines. Lactose intolerance, irritable bowel syndrome, and other intestinal disorders may increase one's likelihood of experiencing bloating. Gassy foods such as beans, peanuts, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, kale and related foods may lead to bloating from fermentation certain carbohydrates that are high in these foods. Also, improper digestion of other nutrients (fats, carbohydrates, proteins) may cause bloating.
Bone Density Test: See DEXA Scan.
Campaign Urging Research for Eosinophilic Disease (CURED): A patient advocacy group that supports those suffering from eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases (EGIDs) and raises substantial funding.
Candida: A species of yeast that is normally present on skin and in intestinal contents. It can cause superficial infections of the lining of the mouth (called thrush), esophagus, vagina, and skin during or shortly after a course of antibiotics. More serious infections of tissues or the bloodstream may occur in immuno-compromised individuals. Oral/esophageal thrush is a potential side effect of swallowed corticosteroids.
Carbohydrate: Any substance that has a molecular structure based on sugar, including sugar, glucose, fructose, etc., as well as more complex starches found in plant food sources (fruits, grains, vegetables, etc.).
CAT Scan: A high-resolution radiographic (x-ray) test that examines the body in cross-sectional perspectives.
CBC: See Complete Blood Count.
Cecum: The cecum is the start of the large intestine. Undigested food from the small intestine enters the cecum, and digestion is continued through the large intestine. The cecum is located in the lower right side of the abdomen, and the appendix is attached to the bottom of the cecum.
CEGIR: See Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers.
Celiac Disease (Sprue): An autoimmune disease that damages the inner portion of the small intestine (duodenum), and causes malabsorption, causing malnourishment. The reaction is caused by eating foods that have gluten in them. Gluten is found in wheat, rye, and barley, and possibly can contaminate oats. Symptoms of celiac disease include nausea, vomiting, intestinal cramping, and malabsorption. These symptoms subside when gluten is avoided. The inside of the small intestine has small, finger-like projections called villi that help with absorption of nutrients. Flattened villi are often associated with the disease, and their appearance on biopsy/endoscopic evaluation is considered the gold standard for diagnosis in a person who is consuming gluten-containing foods. Blood antibodies to the gluten, gliadin, and transglutimase may also assist with diagnosis.
Churg-Strauss Syndrome (CSS): See Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA)
Clinical Outcome Measures: Measurable changes in symptoms, overall health, ability to function, quality of life, or survival outcomes that result from giving care to patients.
Clinical Remission: Period of time during which signs and symptoms of disease are absent.
Colitis: Inflammation of the tissues of the large intestine.
Colon: The large intestine.
Colonoscopy: A procedure in which a long flexible tube is inserted into the rectum. The tube has a light and video camera on the end of it, which allows view of the entire colon, and part of the small intestine. If needed, tissue biopsies of the inside of the colon can be taken, and polyps can be removed through the scope. The colon must be cleaned out before the procedure, to allow a good view of the colon. This is done by using a laxative, drinking liquids, and no food or drink for a number of hours before the colonoscopy.
Colostomy: A surgically created hole in the abdomen in which a part of the colon is brought through to the skin surface. A bag must be worn over the hole to collect bowel movements. A temporary colostomy may be needed to allow some bowel tissue to heal after chronic inflammation has been treated.
COM: See Clinical Outcome Measures.
Complete Blood Count (CBC): A blood test that includes a count of all the red and white blood cells, platelets as well as hemoglobin, and hematocrit. The eosinophil count is part of the the CBC. Statistics about the red blood cells are also calculated and included in the test results.
Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: also called Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT Scan), is a special type of X-Ray that results in a series of cross-sectional pictures. CT images are able to show more detail than a regular x-ray. They can show bone and soft tissues, like muscles, vessels, and organs. Sometimes a dye (contrast) is used to help certain areas show up better. The dye is given through an IV, swallowed, or given through the rectum.
Connective Tissue Disease (CTD): A group of disorders involving the tissue, largely composed of protein, that support organs and other parts of the body. Cartilage and fat are examples of connective tissue. Examples of CTDs include Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) and Marfan Syndrome. Research is currently underway to evaluate a potential connection between patients with certain forms of CTDs and EGID.
Conscious Sedation: A combination of medications that help you relax (sedatives), and not feel pain (anesthetic). When under conscious sedation people are able to respond to commands, but usually do not remember the procedure or feel pain. This is used for minor procedures or surgeries.
Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers (CEGIR): A collaborative group of scientists, health care providers, patients, and professional organizations dedicated to improving the lives of individuals with eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders through innovative research, clinical expertise, and education.
Corticosteroid: See Steroid.
Crohn's Disease: Also called Regional Enteritis, and Regional Ileitis. A chronic inflammatory condition of the digestive tract. It is a form of inflammatory bowel disease. It can affect anywhere from the mouth to the anus, and commonly affects the small intestine. It can cause abdominal pain, diarrhea and bleeding from the rectum.
CSS: See Churg-Strauss Syndrome.
CT: See Computed Tomography Scan.
CTD: See Connective Tissue Disease.
CURED: See Campaign Urging Research for Eosinophilic Disease.
Cushing’s Syndrome: Excess cortisol in the body. This may be caused by the body producing too much cortisol, or from prolonged exposure to corticosteroid medications.
CVS: See Cyclical Vomiting Syndrome.
Cyclical Vomiting Syndrome (CVS): Episodic bouts of vomiting, sometimes severe, interspersed with periods of wellness.
Data Management and Coordinating Center (DMCC): Facilitates operations, research, participant engagement, and data sharing for the Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network.
DBPC: See Double-blind Placebo-controlled Study.
Degranulation: Release of the contents (granules) of the cell. This happens to eosinophils when they are involved, in an immune response in allergic reactions.
Descending Colon: The part of the large intestine located on the left side of the abdomen that connects the transverse colon at the splenic flexure with the sigmoid colon at the sigmoid flexure.
DEXA: See Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry.
Diaphragm: A muscular and connective tissue structure separating the chest and abdominal cavities. The diaphragm contracts and expands in correlation with the lungs during breathing.
Digestive System: All of the muscular organs involved in eating, digesting foods and eliminating solid food wastes. This includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
Division of Rare Diseases Research Innovation (DRDRI): An office of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) that facilitates and coordinates NIH-wide activities involving research for a broad array of rare diseases.
DMCC: See Data Management and Coordinating Center.
Double-blind Placebo-controlled (DBPC) Study: This is a research study in which both the patient and the healthcare provider are unaware of whether the subject is being given an active substance (including food) or a placebo (sugar pill) in order to avoid bias in interpretation of the results.
DRDRI: See Division of Rare Diseases Research Innovation.
Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA Scan): a special type of X-ray that measures the density of bones. The test is painless, just like getting an X-Ray. The typical areas scanned during the test include the hip bone, lumbar spine, and/or the wrist or forearm.
Duodenitis: Inflammation of the duodenum.
Duodenum: The upper part of the small intestine that connects the lower part of the stomach with the jejunum.
Dysmotility (Abnormal motility): In reference to the GI tract, food moves more slowly or quickly than normal through the esophagus, stomach and/or intestines.
Dyspepsia: Discomfort in the stomach marked by symptoms of nausea, loss of appetite, bloating, belching and/or flatulence, change in bowel habits, heartburn, reflux, and/or a gnawing or burning sensation in the stomach area. Causes may include insufficient digestive enzymes or hydrochloric acid (HCl), ulcer, esophageal spasms, intestinal obstruction or other motility problem, IBS, gallstones, lactose intolerance, heart problems, or other causes.
Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing liquid or solid food.
Eczema: Inflammatory condition of the skin with redness, scaling and often itching. May be related to allergies, infection, diabetes or environmental changes.
Edema: Swelling or water retention.
EE: Acronym commonly used for Erosive Esophagitis
EFA: See Essential Fatty Acid.
EFC: See Eosinophilic Family Coalition.
EGD: See Endoscopy.
EGID: See Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease(s)
EGPA: See Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis.
Elemental Formula: Nutritionally complete formulas whose protein component is provided as amino acids to reduce the chance of an allergic reaction. Formulas are used for tube feedings and to decrease the symptoms of food allergy, EGIDs, Inflammatory Bowel Disease and other diseases.
Elimination Diet: A diet in which specific food antigens have been eliminated in order to decrease the chance of having an allergic reaction.
ELISA: See Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay.
Endoscope: A tube with a light and a camera on the end of it that is used to view the esophagus, stomach, part of the duodenum, part of the terminal ileum and the entire large intestine. Endoscopes usually also contain a biopsy port for collection of tissue samples during endoscopic procedures.
Endoscopic References Score: Used to determine severity of five endoscopic findings (edema, rings, exudates, furrows, and strictures) in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE).
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): A diagnostic test that uses an endoscope to look at the tubes that drain the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. This is done to look at the health of the tubes and to fix any problems such as a stone blocking the tube or duct.
Endoscopy (EGD or esophagogastroduodenoscopy): A procedure in which an endoscope is passed through the mouth into the esophagus, stomach and part of the duodenum. Biopsies may be taken of the mucosal layers during this procedure. The only preparation is avoiding all food and liquids for a number of hours before the procedure.
Enema: Administration of medication through the rectum for the purpose of clearing out the bowel.
Enteral Nutrition: Nutrition feedings through a tube that either goes through the mouth, nose, stomach or small intestine. The feedings are made of a special liquid that may contain all the nutrients a person needs. Nutrition obtained through the digestive system, either eaten through the mouth or through a feeding tube. See also GJ, GT, JT, ND, NG, and Tube Feeding.
Enzyme: Enzymes are a type of catalyst, which means they speed up chemical reactions. In the case of digestive enzymes, they speed up the digestion or breaking down of food into nutritional components such as fatty acids, amino acids, sugars, vitamins and minerals. When the organs that produce digestive enzymes are not producing sufficient quantities, a supplemental form of digestive enzymes may be needed for proper digestion to occur. Some metabolic disorders involve the lack of a certain enzyme needed for processing or metabolizing specific food components.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA): A type of test in which subclasses of immunoglobulins may be detected; the test is helpful in diagnosing some autoimmune diseases such as Celiac Disease, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, viral illness and many others.
EoC: See Eosinophilic Colitis.
EoE: See Eosinophilic Esophagitis.
EoG: See Eosinophilic Gastritis.
EoN: See Eosinophilic Enteritis.
Eosinophil: A type of white blood cell. They are produced in the bone marrow and migrate throughout the body. Elevated levels of eosinophils may be found in the blood and/or in tissue, often as the result of an allergic response. Abnormally high levels of eosinophils are common in certain parasitic infections, as well as diseases such as asthma, EGID, leukemia and drug allergies.
Eosinophilic Colitis (EC): A disease involving patchy infiltration of one or more layers of the large intestine with eosinophils.
Eosinophilic Enteritis (EoN): A disease involving patchy infiltration of more than one segment of the gastrointestinal tract.
Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) : A chronic, immune/antigen mediated, esophageal disease characterized clinically by symptoms related to esophageal dysfunction and histologically by eosinophil-predominant inflammation.
Eosinophilic Family Coalition (EFC): A patient advocacy group that supports and enhances the lives of families living with eosinophilic disorders while educating others.
Eosinophilic Gastritis (EoG): A disease involving patchy infiltration of one or more layers of the stomach with eosinophils.
Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease(s) (EGID): The umbrella phrase used to describe one or more of the following: Eosinophilic Colitis, Eosinophilic Enteritis, Eosinophilic Esophagitis, and/or Eosinophilic Gastritis.
Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA): Also referred to as Churg-Strauss Syndrome (CSS). A disease characterized by blood vessel inflammation, which in turn can constrict blood flow to organs and tissues causing damage. Eosinophils are part of the inflammatory process in this disease. This eosinophilic reaction and asthma are the hallmarks of the disease. People may also suffer from sinus problems, neuropathy, rashes, and gastrointestinal issues.
ERCP: See Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography.
EREFS: See Endoscopic References Score.
Erythrocyte: A red blood cell.
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR): also called "Sed Rate," the rate at which red blood cells in a measured sample settle in a specific amount of time. The higher the ESR, the faster the red blood cells settled. An elevated ESR usually indicates inflammation. The ESR is a general measure of inflammation, therefore it does not say anything about the location of the inflammation.
Esophageal Dilatation: A procedure that dilates, or stretches, a narrowed part the esophagus (esophageal stricture). This can be done with dilators called bougie dilators or with a balloon.
Esophageal Ring: An abnormality of the esophagus that results from inflammation or that one is born with.
Esophageal Stricture: An area of narrowing of the esophageal lumen. See also Stricture.
Esophageal Web: A membrane that appears in the esophagus, causing dysphagia. The web may be broken via an endoscopic procedure.
Esophagitis: Inflammation of the esophagus.
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy: See Endoscopy.
Esophagoscopy: A procedure in which an endoscope is inserted into the esophagus through the mouth for diagnostic purposes, or to dilate rings or strictures, or obtain biopsies.
Esophagus: The muscular tube that connects the back of the mouth to the top of the stomach that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. The upper third of the esophagus is usually referred to as the proximal esophagus, or cervical esophagus. The middle third of the esophagus may be referred to as the thoracic esophagus. The lower third of the esophagus is usually referenced as the distal esophagus.
ESR: See Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate.
Essential Fatty Acid: The nutritional component of fats and oils found in many foods.
Etiology: The cause or triggering factor for development of a specific disease. When a specific etiology is not obvious, the condition is said to be idiopathic.
Exudate: A fluid that emits through pores or a wound. During an endoscopic procedure, white plaque exudate may sometimes be viewed in the esophagus of an individual with eosinophilic esophagitis.
Failure to Thrive (FTT): A general term used for insufficient growth (by standard growth charts) or inadequate weight gain caused by a variety of medical and psychosocial conditions.
Fat: A dietary substance that is broken down in the body to fatty acids. See also EFA.
FDA: See Food and Drug Administration.
Fecal Impaction: When feces, or stool, obstructs colon or rectum, and does not allow waste to pass. It is most commonly seen in people with long-term constipation, and can cause bloating and abdominal pain. This condition usually requires a stool softener or manual disimpaction to alleviate the problem.
Fibrosis: The formation of excess fibrous tissue, usually in response to damage or injury.
Fistula: An abnormal tract formed between loops of bowel, the bowel and other organs or the bowel and the skin surface. Fistulas are normally associated with severe Crohn's Disease, but might also occur with other inflammatory conditions. Antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications are typically required for treatment, and placement of a drain or surgical treatment may also be necessary.
Flare: A time during which active disease is present.
Flatulence: Passing gas through the anus. May be accompanied by bloating, indigestion and/or other symptoms.
Flexible Sigmoidoscope: See Sigmoidoscope.
Flexible Sigmoidoscopy: See Sigmoidoscopy.
Flexure: A normal bend in a tubular body structure such as the large intestines.
Fluticasone Propionate: A corticosteroid medication that helps reduce inflammation.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA): A United States federal agency that is responsible for protecting the public health by ensuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, the Nation's food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation.
Food Challenge: Exposure to a food with the aim of determining whether it will elicit an immunological or clinical response.
Food Trial: Relative to EGID, the introduction/reintroduction of a food, typically for a specified period of time and subsequently evaluated via endoscopy, with the aim of determining whether it is considered to be a “food trigger,” resulting in clinical symptoms and/or histological abnormalities (i.e., eosinophil-predominant inflammation).
FP: See Fluticasone Propionate.
FTT: See Failure to Thrive.
Furrowing: Longitudinal linear creases in the esophagus.
Gallbladder: A saclike organ located just underneath the liver, the gallbladder serves as a storage location for bile that the liver produces.
Gastric Tube (GT or G-Tube): A tube that has been surgically inserted through the skin into the stomach so that liquid food may be pumped directly into the stomach bypassing the esophagus.
Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach.
Gastroenterologist: A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the digestive system, also including disorders of the liver and pancreas.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): A disease in which acid reflux and heartburn occur frequently over an extended period of time.
Gastrointestinal Tract (GI Tract): Also called the digestive system.
Gastrojejunostomy Tube (GJ or GJ-Tube): A tube that is surgically inserted through the skin into the stomach and runs to the small intestine. This is done so that liquid food may be pumped directly into the small intestine, bypassing the esophagus and stomach.
Gastroparesis: Abnormally slow emptying of the contents of the stomach.
GC: See Glucocorticoids.
GERD: See Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.
GI: Acronym for gastrointestinal.
GI Tract: See Gastrointestinal Tract.
Glucocorticoid: A hormone molecule with anti-inflammatory effects.
Glucocorticoids: Corticosteroids that are widely used to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Gluten: A type of protein found in wheat, rye, barley and possibly oats. People with gluten sensitivity, gluten intolerance, and Celiac Disease have an adverse reaction when they eat foods that contain gluten.
Gluten Intolerance: A physical reaction due to ingesting gluten. This condition differs from Celiac Disease in the fact that the individual does not have an identifiable immune reaction to gluten, nor do they have a true autoimmune disease. Gluten-intolerant individuals do not have the same long-term risks (such as cancers, anemia and osteoporosis) with exposure to gluten that individuals with Celiac Disease do.
H. pylori: (helicobacter pylori) A bacteria that can cause ulcers in the stomach and duodenum. People with H. pylori infection may not have symptoms, or they may experience abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or frequent burping.
Heartburn: A symptom gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Helminth: Also known as parasitic worms.
Hematochezia: Red blood in the stool.
Hepatic: Referring to the liver.
Hepatic Flexure: The bend in the large intestine that is located on the right side of the abdomen just under the liver and connects the ascending colon with the transverse colon.
HES: See Hypereosinophilic Syndrome.
Hiatal Hernia: A condition in which a small part of the upper stomach pushes through the diaphragm. A sliding hiatal hernia is usually asymptomatic or only causes occasional minor heartburn. A non-sliding hiatal hernia may easily become strangulated, thus requiring surgical correction to prevent potentially serious complications.
Hiccough: A spasm of the diaphragm. Also spelled hiccup.
High Power Field (HPF): A term used to describe the area examined under a microscope.
Histamine: A chemical your body produces in response to an allergic reaction. It also mediates several other biological activities in the body. There are 4 histamine receptors (H1-4) that are found on cells. Antihistamines, like Benadryl®, block some of the histamine receptors, and relieve symptoms of the allergic reaction.
Histology Scoring System: A tool by which data can be obtained from tissues.
Hives: (See also Urticaria) A raised and red skin reaction caused by a local or systemic exposure to a substance that is typically triggered by local mast cell activation.
HPF: See High Power Field.
HSS: See Histology Scoring System.
Hydrochloric Acid (HCL): A component of gastric acid that is produced by cells in the lining of the stomach. This acid helps digest food in the stomach.
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome (HES): A rare group of conditions that are associated with persistent eosinophilia with evidence of organ involvement.
Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in an organ that leads to increased thickness or size of the organ.
Hypoallergenic: Low potential to cause allergic reactions.
IBD: See Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
IBD: See Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD).
Idiopathic: No obvious cause.
IES: See International Eosinophil Society.
IL: See Interleukin.
Ileo-Cecal Valve: A muscle valve at the connection point between the large and small intestines.
Ileostomy: A surgically created hole in the abdomen in which a part of the small intestine is brought through to the skin surface. A bag must be worn over the hole to collect bowel movements. A temporary ileostomy may be needed to allow some bowel tissue to heal after chronic inflammation has been treated.
Ileum: The last part of the small intestine, it connects the jejunum with the large intestine.
Ileus: A temporary lack of sufficient peristalsis in the intestines. Surgery, intestinal obstruction, infections, and other problems may be the cause. Symptoms typically include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, lack of bowel movements and no passing gas.
Immunoglobulin Antibodies: (See also Antibody) Produced by the body’s immune system, and attach to foreign substances so the immune system can destroy them. They may attach to bacteria, viruses, fungi, cancer cells, and animal dander. There are 5 major types of antibodies. IgA Antibodies are found on mucosal surfaces such as the GI tract, airway, nose, mouth and in body fluids such as tears and saliva. IgE is the allergy antibody. IgG, IgM, and IgD are the other immunoglobulin types. IgD Antibodies are the first surface antibody produced by B cells IgE Antibodies are involved in allergic reactions. IgG Antibodies are found in all body fluids and are important for fighting bacterial and viral infections. IgM Antibodies are the largest sized antibodies and are found in blood and lymph fluid. They are the first to fight infection.
Immunologist: A professional specialist on the study of the immune system physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases involving the immune system. Some Immunologists are also called Environmental Medicine.
Immunomodulator: A type of therapy that modifies the immune system to achieve disease control. Such medications are typically used in treating autoimmune diseases, cancer and organ transplant rejection.
Indigestion: An uncomfortable feeling that occurs during or after eating.
Inflammation: Swelling of a tissue. It is part of the body’s response to tissue injury, irritation or damage. It is the body’s attempt at self-protection, and this response leads to repair of the damaged tissue.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A chronic inflammatory disease of the digestive system. Two major types of IBD are identified: Crohn's Disease, which can involve the entire gastrointestinal tract, and Ulcerative Colitis, which involves only the colon.
Institutional Review Board: A group that has been formally designated to review and monitor biomedical research involving human subjects in accordance with FDA regulations.
Interleukin (IL): One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body that regulate immune responses.
International Eosinophil Society: An organization of scientists and clinicians interested in the eosinophil.
Intolerance (Dietary): A non-allergic reaction in response to the ingestion of dietary substances.
Intramucosal: Situated or occurring within a mucous membrane.
Intussusception Telescoping: The protrusion or folding of one segment of the intestine into another segment of the intestine.
IRB: See Institutional Review Board.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): Also called "spastic colon." A disorder in which constipation and/or diarrhea or alternating between the two seems to occur frequently. Inflammation is not part of IBS. It is unknown what causes IBS, but it may be triggered by stress, infection and possibly immune responses to food. There is no known cure.
J-Tube: A tube surgically inserted through the skin and into the small intestines to enable liquid feeding (or elemental formula) directly into the small intestine bypassing the esophagus and stomach.
Jejunum: The middle part of the small intestine.
JT: See J-Tube.
Lactose Intolerance: Individuals who are deficient in the intestinal enzyme lactase do not digest or absorb lactose properly. Malabsorbed lactose reaches the large intestine and is fermented by bacteria. Byproducts of the fermentation process cause symptoms, including gas, diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal cramps and bloating.
Lamina Propria: Part of the lining of mucous membrane that lines various tubes in the body.
Large Bowel: See Large Intestine
Large Intestine: A long muscular tube that connects the small intestine with the anus. It is responsible for absorption of water from indigestible food.
LES: See Lower Esophageal Sphincter.
Leukotriene Inhibitor: A medication that prevents the release of leukotrienes or prevents their proinflammatory action in the body. Several different subtypes of leukotrienes have been identified in association with various inflammatory diseases, hence the development of various different types of leukotriene inhibitor medications.
Lipase: The digestive enzyme needed to properly digest lipids, or fats. This enzyme is produced by the pancreas; bile is also needed to digest fats.
Liver: The liver is a large solid organ in the right upper corner of the abdomen, and is protected by the rib cage. The liver functions to detoxify chemicals, metabolize drugs, filter blood, and make proteins that are important for blood clotting and other functions. It also produces bile, which is important for digestion, and stores carbohydrates to be used as "fuel" for the body between meals.
Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES): The valve that is located at the bottom of the esophagus where it is connected to the stomach. Improper function of the LES can cause acid reflux.
Lower GI Series: See Water Soluble Contrast Enema (Contrast Enema)
Lumen: The hollow portion of a tubular body structure, such as the inside of a blood vessel, the intestines, and the esophagus.
Lymphocyte: A type of white blood cell that functions as part of the immune system. Types of lymphocytes include: T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): A computer-assisted imaging technique that is free of radiation (unlike CT Scans). Sometimes, an MRI may be done using a contrast dye in order to enhance specific body structures. Images are produced in cross-sectional pictures of the part of the body being scanned. MRI Scans are used to view soft tissue and bone, including a wide variety of problems; for example, fractures, tumors, abdominal problems, and some nerve problems can all be examined via MRI.
Malabsorption: Difficulty absorbing nutrients from food or liquids.
Mast Cell: A cellular component of the immune system that resides in tissue. When attached to an IgE-Antibody combination, releases mediators (degranulates) in allergic reactions, including leukotrienes, histamine and other chemicals.
Mast Cell Stabilizer: A type of medication that helps prevent mast cells from releasing allergic reaction mediators.
Mepolizumab: A monoclonal antibody medication that works by blocking the action of a certain natural substance in the body that causes the symptoms of asthma.
Metabolic Disorder: A medical condition in which the body has difficulty converting food to energy. Metabolism is complex set of chemical reactions that lead to energy production or storage. People with metabolic disorders have an abnormal chemical reaction that disrupts metabolism.
Motility: The coordinated neuromuscular activity of the wall of the GI tract that moves intestinal contents.
MRI: See Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
Mucosa: The innermost layer of the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines. This layer is visible on endoscopic or colonoscopic examination. The submucosa is just underneath the mucosa. The mucosa and submucosa can be biopsied via colonoscopic or endoscopic procedure.
Muscularis: The middle layer of the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines.
Narrowing: Narrowing of a tubular or hollow structure in the body, such as the intestinal tract or spinal column.
Naso-Duodenal Tube (ND or ND-Tube): A tube that is inserted through one nostril of the nose and runs down the esophagus, through the stomach and into the duodenum. Liquid food (or formula) is pumped through the tube directly into the duodenum, bypassing the esophagus and stomach.
Naso-Gastric Tube (NG or NG-Tube): A tube that has been inserted into one nostril that runs down the esophagus into the stomach. Liquid food (formula) is pumped through the tube directly into the stomach bypassing the esophagus.
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS): A center of the National Institutes of Health that transforms the translational process so that new treatments and cures for disease can be delivered to patients faster.
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID): An institute of the National Institutes of Health that conducts and supports basic and applied research to better understand, treat, and ultimately prevent infectious, immunologic, and allergic diseases.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK): An institute of the National Institutes of Health that conducts and supports research on diabetes, digestive, and kidney diseases.
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke: Conducts and funds research on brain and nervous system disorders as part of the United States National Institutes of Health.
National Institutes of Health (NIH): The medical research agency of the United States, supporting scientific discoveries that improve health and save lives.
NCATS: See National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences.
ND or ND-Tube: See Naso-Duodenal Tube.
NG or NG-Tube: See Naso-Gastric Tube.
NIAID: See National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
NIDDK: See National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
NIH: See National Institutes of Health.
NINDS: See National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
NPO: No food by mouth.
OAS: See Oral Allergy Syndrome.
OIT: See Oral Immunotherapy.
Oral Allergy Syndrome (OAS): Also known as pollen-food syndrome. Produces localized reaction caused by cross-reacting allergens found in both pollen and certain raw fruits, vegetables, or some tree nuts.
Oral Immunotherapy: A treatment that involves ingesting increasing quantities of a food allergen with the goal of desensitizing the patient to the allergen.
Osteopenia: A condition in which bone mineral density is lower than normal, but not low enough to be called osteoporosis. Bone mineral density is a measurement of the level of minerals in the bone, and tells how strong and dense the bones are.
Osteoporosis: A loss of bone mineral density, leading to weak bones that easily fracture. Some causes include a drop in testosterone or estrogen levels, certain medications, improper nutrition, malabsorption, certain diseases (e.g., IBD, Addison's Disease, Hypothyroid or Hyperparathyroid), and possibly other causes. Protein deficiency can lead to loss of bone density, as can calcium and other mineral deficiencies. A Bone Density Test (DEXA Scan) is required for diagnosis. Special Osteoporosis medication may be needed to slow the progression of bone density loss.
Ostomy: Any type of surgical procedure that creates a hole to connect the gastrointestinal tract to the abdominal wall. Examples include ileostomy and colostomy.
PA: See Pernicious Anemia.
PAG: See Patient Advocacy Group.
Pancreas: A gland in the body located behind the stomach and extending towards the liver, the pancreas is responsible for producing and secreting some digestive enzymes and also insulin. Diabetes is a disease of the pancreas.
Pancreatic Enzymes: Enzymes produced and secreted by the pancreas that are needed for proper digestion.
Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas, sometimes caused by certain medications or alcoholism.
Parasite: An organism that has invaded the body that normally does not live in the human body or human digestive system. Some parasites can cause eosinophilic infiltration of the digestive system.
Parenteral Nutrition: Nutrition obtained through a vein.
Patient Advocacy Group: An organization dedicated to improving the lives of patients and families.
Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs): A health outcome reported directly by the patient who experienced it, or by a caregiver on a patient’s behalf.
Peristalsis: Contraction of the muscles in the digestive system in a wavelike fashion, such that foodstuff is moved down from the mouth and through the stomach and intestinal tract for elimination through the rectum. Motility disorders typically cause abnormalities with peristalsis.
Peritoneum: A tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen. Peritoneal fluid lines the tissue as a lubricant.
Pernicious Anemia (PA): Classically, PA is only used to describe an autoimmune disease in which the part of the stomach where intrinsic factor is secreted has been attacked by the body's immune system, rendering Vitamin B12 unabsorbable in the terminal ileum and thus causing anemia. However, some physicians also use PA to describe general Vitamin B12 deficiency regardless of the cause.
PHTS: See PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome.
Polyp: A growth or portion of abnormal tissue that extends from the digestive system wall into the hollow portion of the digestive system. Some are cancerous or pre-cancerous. Some are due to inflammation. Polypectomy may be performed during an endoscopy or colonoscopy procedure.
Polypectomy: Removal of a polyp in the digestive system, usually during a colonoscopy or endoscopy procedure. A wire loop is placed over the polyp and then a very low electrical current is passed through the wire as the wire is moved such that the polyp is removed by the movement of the wire through the base of the polyp. The electrical current in the wire helps to cauterize the polyp removal location to reduce bleeding and prevent infection.
PPI: See Proton Pump Inhibitor.
PRO: See Patient-reported Outcomes.
Probiotic: Bacteria that help maintain the natural balance of the intestine. These bacteria help reduce the growth of harmful bacteria. These bacteria can be given as a supplemental form of lactobacillus acidophilus, lactobacillus bifidus, some soil-based organisms and/or other bacteria that are known to inhabit healthy small and/or large intestines.
Prognostic: Predicts the likely or expected development of a disease.
Protease: A class of enzyme whose function is to digest other proteins.
Protein: Amino acid containing molecules encoded by genes. A nutritional component required by the body to sustain life. Protein is made up of amino acids that have been connected together in a variety of configurations depending on the type of protein. Whole food proteins are believed to play a role in Eosinophilic Enteritis. See also Amino Acid.
Protein Intolerance: Symptoms that develop after an immunologic reaction to one or more dietary proteins.
Protein-Losing Enteropathy: An abnormal loss of protein through the digestive tract, resulting in low serum protein (protein in blood). This may lead to diarrhea, abdominal pain, edema and weight loss.
Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI): A medication that blocks the acid producing pumps in the stomach.
Pruritus: Itching.
PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome (PHTS): An autosomal dominant disease characterized by soft tissue growths; has been associated with EGID.
Pyloric Stenosis: Fixed narrowing of the muscle that controls the outlet of the stomach (pylorus) to the small intestine. When the pylorus of the stomach is narrowed, it becomes difficult for food to pass from the stomach to the small intestine. This commonly leads to vomiting.
Pylorus: The muscle that surrounds and controls the outlet of the stomach (between the stomach and the duodenum).
QOL: See Quality of Life.
Quality of Life: Subjective evaluations of positive and negative aspects of life.
Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network (RDCRN): A National Institutes of Health-funded research network working toward faster diagnosis and better treatments for people living with rare diseases.
RDCRN: See Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network.
Rectum: The last part of the large intestine that connects to the anus.
Remission: Period of time when no disease activity is present.
Request for Applications (RFA): A formal statement that solicits grant or cooperative agreement applications in a well-defined scientific area.
Resection: Surgical removal of tissue.
Reslizumab: A monoclonal antibody medication that works by reducing a certain type of white blood cell that may contribute to asthma.
RFA: See Request for Applications.
Rotation Diet: A way of eating in which related foods are eaten on a rotating schedule. Typically, 3 days are given between eating each item from the same food "family."
SAC: See Scientific Advisory Committee.
SBFT: See Small Bowel Follow-Through.
SBS: See Short Bowel Syndrome.
Schatzki's Ring: A buildup of tissue at the lower end of the esophagus that interferes with passage of food.
Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC): A collaborative group of researchers and scientists within CEGIR.
Sed Rate: Also ESR, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate; a blood marker of systemic inflammation.
Sedation: Use of medication for a calming effect.
Serosa: A thin membrane that lines body cavities. The serosa of the GI tract is the outermost layer of the intestine. The subserosa is the layer just under the serosa. Both serosa and subserosa cannot be biopsied through an endoscopic or colonoscopic procedure.
SGC: See Swallowed Glucocorticoids.
Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS): Short Bowel Syndrome refers to the state in which an intestine is too short to normally perform all of its functions, such as nutrient absorption. This results from surgical resection or a birth defect in intestinal development.
Short Gut Syndrome: See Short Bowel Syndrome.
Sigmoid Colon: A curved part of the large intestine that extends from the rectum to the descending colon on the left side of the abdomen and which includes the sigmoid flexure.
Sigmoidoscope: A short, flexible or rigid endoscope designed only to examine the rectum and sigmoid portion of the large intestine.
Sigmoidoscopy: A procedure in which a flexible or rigid sigmoidoscope is inserted into the rectum and through the entire length of the sigmoid portion of the large intestine for examination and possible biopsy. Preparation includes an enema and mild laxative to clear waste from the sigmoid and rectal areas.
Skin Prick Test (SPT): A method of allergy testing in which a small amount of an allergen is placed into the skin by making a small “prick” on the surface of the skin and assessing the skin reaction. The test indicates the presence of IgE-bound and mast cells.
Small Bowel: See Small Intestine.
Small Bowel Follow-Through (SBFT): A series of X-rays taken after one drinks a large glass of liquid barium.
Small Intestine: A long muscular tube that connects the bottom of the stomach with the large intestine (large bowel).
Splenic Flexure: The bend in the large intestine located in the left side of the abdomen (just under the stomach and spleen) where the ascending colon and transverse colon are connected.
Sprue: See Celiac Disease.
SPT: See Skin Prick Test.
Steatorrhea: Excess fat in the stool. This may be caused from problems with absorbing fat, which can occur from diseases such as IBD, celiac disease, cystic fibrosis and pancreatic insufficiency.
Stenosis: Any type of narrowing of a tubular or hollow structure in the body, such as the intestinal tract or spinal column.
Steroid: A type of medication that is a synthetic version of cortisol or other hormones. When based on cortisol, this type of medication suppresses the immune system and is therefore used to treat allergies, asthma, EGID, autoimmune diseases, some forms of cancer, organ transplant rejection and other diseases, and to provide adrenal gland support in cases of adrenal insufficiency.
Stoma: A hole created surgically to connect the gastrointestinal tract to the abdominal wall.
Stomach: A muscular pouch attached to the bottom of the esophagus where food is stored while it is being prepared for digestion and nutrient extraction in the small intestine.
Stricture: An abnormal area of narrowing in the digestive system. This may occur in areas such as the esophagus or colon.
Swallowed Glucocorticoids: A swallowed topical corticosteroid used to treat eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE).
Tenesmus: A feeling of needing to pass stool, even when the bowels are empty. With tenesmus there is a spasm of the muscles in the rectum and/or anus that is usually very painful. People with IBD and IBS may experience tenesmus as one symptom of their disease.
The International Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Researchers (TIGER): A group of researchers from around the world focused on eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders.
TIGER: See The International Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Researchers.
Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN): Complete nutrition (including fat, carbohydrate, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and water) given as an intravenous infusion.
TPN: See Total Parenteral Nutrition.
Trachealization: Having the appearance of the trachea; relative to EoE, the presence of fixed esophageal rings
Transverse Colon: The part of the large intestine that connects the hepatic flexure with the splenic flexure and which lies across the abdomen from right to the left.
Tube Feeding: Any form of feeding of liquid meals through a tube, including GT, GJ, JT, ND and NG Tubes.
Ulcer: An area of variable size and depth in which the lining of the GI tract has eroded away.
Ulcerative Colitis: A form of IBD in which inflammation occurs in a contiguous pattern in the inner layers of the large intestine.
Upper GI Series: See Upper GI X-Ray.
Upper GI X-Ray: A series of X-rays taken of the esophagus and stomach after one drinks a large glass of liquid barium. If X-rays of the small bowel are also included, it is called an Upper GI X-Ray with Small Bowel Follow-Through.
Urticaria: A raised rash characterized by its itchiness, and often the result of an allergic response to food or medicine. See Hives.
Villi: The tiny fingerlike projections on the inside of the small intestine wall that are responsible for nutrition absorption from the foods we eat. In some diseases, such as Celiac/Sprue and Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis, the villi can appear flattened/blunted on endoscopic and/or biopsy evaluation.
Water Soluble Contrast Enema (Contrast Enema): A series of X-rays taken of the large intestine after a liquid solution of barium has been put into the large intestine via enema.
WBC: See White Blood Cell.
WBC with Diff: See White Blood Cell Count with Differential.
Wheal: A raised bump on the skin. When associated with skin prick testing (SPT), wheals are often measured to assess the response to a specified allergen.
White Blood Cell (WBC): A type of blood cell that is involved in the immune system response to invading organisms (bacteria, virus or parasite). The different types of white blood cells include basophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils and monocytes.
White Blood Cell Count with Differential (WBC with Diff): A type of blood test in which the total number of white blood cells in a measured amount of blood are counted, and then each of the different types of white blood cells are counted and listed separately in the test results. This is more routinely referred to as a CBC with Diff, and includes RBC/HGB/HCT/Platelets.
X-Ray: A type of radioactive picture taken of the body that enables the physician to see bones and some soft tissue. A contrast dye, barium or other medium, may be used to enhance certain body structures in the X-Ray.