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Kim S, Ben-Baruch Morgenstern N, Osonoi K, Aceves SS, Arva NC, Chehade M, Collins MH, Dellon ES, Falk GW, Furuta GT, Gonsalves NP, Gupta SK, Hirano I, Hiremath G, Katzka DA, Khoury P, Leung J, Pesek R, Peterson KA, Pletneva MA, Spergel JM, Wechsler JB, Yang GY, Rothenberg ME, Shoda T. Nonepithelial Gene Expression Correlates With Symptom Severity in Adults With Eosinophilic Esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2024 Dec;12(12):3346-3355.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2024.05.015. Epub 2024 May 18. PMID: 38768900; PMCID: PMC11570700.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a disorder in which eosinophils (white blood cells of the immune system) build up in the esophagus, causing tissue damage. Symptoms can include difficulty swallowing, food getting stuck in the throat, vomiting, reflux, malnourishment, and poor appetite. Not much is known about the underlying causes of variation in EoE symptoms.

In this study, researchers explored the underlying causes of symptom severity in EoE. First, the team compared a validated patient-reported outcome metric with a set of transcripts expressed in the esophagus of 146 patients with EoE. Next, the team used single-cell RNA sequencing data to identify the cellular source of EoE genes and further analyzed patients with mild and severe symptoms.

Results reveal that EoE symptoms are correlated with nonepithelial esophageal gene expression. Authors note that these findings provide evidence that nonepithelial cells likely contribute to symptom severity.

Wright BL, Abonia JP, Abud EM, Aceves SS, Ackerman SJ, Braskett M, Chang JW, Chehade M, Constantine GM, Davis CM, Dellon ES, Doyle AD, Durban R, Hill DA, Jensen ET, Kewalramani A, Khoury P, Klion AD, Kottyan L, Kuang FL, McGowan EC, Ruffner MA, Spencer LA, Spergel JM, Uchida AM, Wechsler JB, Pesek RD. Advances and ongoing challenges in eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders presented at the CEGIR/TIGERs Symposium at the 2024 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology meeting. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2024 Aug 5:S0091-6749(24)00779-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.07.022. Online ahead of print.

Martin LJ, Zhang X, Chehade M, Davis CM, Dellon ES, Falk GW, Gupta SK, Hirano I, Hiremath GS, Katzka DA, Khoury P, Leung J, Menard-Katcher P, Gonsalves N, Pesek RD, Spergel JM, Wechsler JB, Kliewer K, Arva NC, Collins MH, Pletneva M, Yang GY, Furuta GT, Rothenberg ME, Aceves SS. Long-term durability between parent and child patient-reported outcomes in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2024 Jul 25:S0091-6749(24)00740-1. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.07.011. Online ahead of print.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a disorder in which eosinophils (white blood cells of the immune system) build up in the esophagus, causing tissue damage. Symptoms include difficulty swallowing, food getting stuck in the throat, vomiting, reflux, malnourishment, and poor appetite. Because young children are unable to report their own symptoms, parents must report on the child’s behalf. However, not much is known about the long-term alignment of symptoms reported by parents and child patients.

In this study, researchers compared parent and child patient-reported outcomes in EoE over time. A total of 292 parent-child respondents completed 723 questionnaires about symptoms over a 5-year period, which researchers used to track long-term changes and similarities in reported outcomes.

Results show that there is strong long-term alignment between parent and child patient-reported outcomes. Authors note that these findings provide evidence that parent-report by proxy is an accurate means to monitor symptoms, which provides a framework for monitoring pediatric patients in clinical trials. 

Furuta GT, Dellon ES, Straumann A, Gonsalves N, Rothenberg ME, Hirano I. Building and implementing a research infrastructure for eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2024 Jun;153(6):1536-1539. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.04.014.

Burk CM, Shreffler WG. Triggers for eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE): The intersection of food allergy and EoE. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2024 Jun;153(6):1500-1509. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.04.010.

Sato H, Dellon ES, Aceves SS, Arva NC, Chehade M, Collins MH, Davis CM, Falk GW, Furuta GT, Gonsalves NP, Gupta SK, Hirano I, Hiremath G, Katzka DA, Khoury P, Leung J, Menard-Katcher P, Pesek R, Peterson KA, Pletneva MA, Spergel JM, Wechsler JB, Yang GY, Rothenberg ME, Shoda T. Clinical and molecular correlates of the Index of Severity for Eosinophilic Esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2024 May 13:S0091-6749(24)00465-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.04.025. Online ahead of print.

Haugen EJ, Locke AK, Correa H, Baba JS, Mahadevan-Jansen A, Hiremath G. Characterization of lamina propria remodeling in pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis using second harmonic generation microscopy. Transl Med Commun. 2024;9(1):10. doi: 10.1186/s41231-024-00170-2. Epub 2024 Mar 22.

Greuter T, Katzka D. Endoscopic Features of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2024 May;44(2):357-368. doi: 10.1016/j.iac.2024.01.007. Epub 2024 Feb 13.

Wilson BE, Sacta MA, Wright BL, Spergel J, Wolfset N. The Relationship Between Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Immunotherapy. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2024 May;44(2):281-291. doi: 10.1016/j.iac.2024.01.001. Epub 2024 Feb 14.

Shoda T, Taylor RJ, Sakai N, Rothenberg ME. Common and disparate clinical presentations and mechanisms in different eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2024 Jun;153(6):1472-1484. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.03.013. Epub 2024 Mar 28.

Dehbozorgi S, Ramsey N, Lee ASE, Coleman A, Varshney P, Davis CM. Addressing Health Equity in Food Allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2024 Mar;12(3):570-577. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2024.01.026. Epub 2024 Jan 25.

Macaluso M, Rothenberg ME, Ferkol T, Kuhnell P, Kaminski HJ, Kimberlin DW, Benatar M, Chehade M; Principal Investigators of the Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network – Cycle 4. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on People Living With Rare Diseases and Their Families: Results of a National Survey. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2024 Feb 14;10:e48430. doi: 10.2196/48430.

Greuter T, Straumann A, Fernandez-Marrero Y, Germic N, Hosseini A, Chanwangpong A, Yousefi S, Simon D, Collins MH, Bussmann C, Chehade M, Dellon ES, Furuta GT, Gonsalves N, Hirano I, Moawad FJ, Biedermann L, Safroneeva E, Schoepfer AM, Simon HU. A MULTICENTER LONG-TERM COHORT STUDY OF EOSINOPHILIC ESOPHAGITIS VARIANTS AND THEIR PROGRESSION TO EOE OVER TIME. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2024 Feb 6. doi: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000664. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38318864.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a disorder in which eosinophils (white blood cells of the immune system) build up in the esophagus (the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach), causing tissue damage. Recently, conditions with symptoms of esophageal dysfunction resembling EoE—but without high amounts of eosinophils in the esophagus—have been characterized as EoE variants. However, not much is known about the progression and severity of these variants.

In this study, researchers investigated the progression of EoE variants to EoE over time. The team assessed clinical, immuno-histological, and molecular features of 54 patients with EoE variants from six EoE centers. Findings were compared with features of EoE patients and healthy controls.

Results suggest a disease spectrum, based on transition from EoE variants to EoE. Authors note that genes associated with the progression to EoE may represent potential therapeutic targets early in the course of disease. 

Chehade M, McGowan EC, Wright BL, Muir AB, Klion AD, Furuta GT, Jensen ET, Bailey DD. Barriers to Timely Diagnosis of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2024 Feb;12(2):302-308. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.12.020. Epub 2023 Dec 17.

Hirano I, Dellon ES, Falk GW, Gonsalves NP, Furuta GT, Bredenoord AJ; ASCENT WORKING GROUP. Ascending to New Heights for Novel Therapeutics for Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2024 Jan;166(1):1-10. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.09.004. Epub 2023 Sep 9.

Heil A, Kuehlewindt T, Godat A, Simon HU, Simon D, Schreiner P, Saner C, Vavricka SR, Biedermann L, Safroneeva E, Rossel JB, Limacher A, Straumann A, Schoepfer AM, Greuter T. Histological Phenotyping in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Localized Proximal Disease Is Infrequent but Associated with Less Severe Disease and Better Disease Outcome. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2024;185(1):63-72. doi: 10.1159/000533815. Epub 2023 Oct 20.

Ruffner MA, Shoda T, Lal M, Mrozek Z, Muir AB, Spergel JM, Dellon ES, Rothenberg ME. Persistent esophageal changes after histologic remission in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2024 Apr;153(4):1063-1072. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.12.012. Epub 2023 Dec 27.

Peterson K, Collins MH, Aceves SS, Chehade M, Gonsalves N. Concepts and Controversies in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: What's Coming Down the Pipe?. Gastroenterology. 2024 Mar;166(3):382-395. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.10.035. Epub 2023 Dec 3.

Mehta P, Pan Z, Zhou W, Kwan BM, Furuta GT. Medication Adherence Rates in Adolescents With Eosinophilic Esophagitis Are Low and Are Associated With Health Habits. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2023 Oct 1;77(4):532-535. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000003885. Epub 2023 Sep 20.

Chehade M, Wright BL, Atkins D, Aceves SS, Ackerman SJ, Assa'ad AH, Bauer M, Collins MH, Commins SP, Davis CM, Dellon ES, Doerfler B, Gleich GJ, Gupta SK, Hill DA, Jensen ET, Katzka D, Kliewer K, Kodroff E, Kottyan LC, Kyle S, Muir AB, Pesek RD, Peterson K, Shreffler WG, Spergel JM, Strobel MJ, Wechsler J, Zimmermann N, Furuta GT, Rothenberg ME. Breakthroughs in understanding and treating eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases presented at the CEGIR/TIGERs Symposium at the 2022 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Meeting. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2023 Sep 1:S0091-6749(23)01103-X. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.08.021. Online ahead of print.

Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs) are a group of chronic immune system disorders in which a type of white blood cell (eosinophils) build up in the gastrointestinal tract, causing inflammation or injury. 

In February 2022, the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology hosted their annual meeting to discuss innovations in research. During the meeting, CEGIR and the International Gastrointestinal Eosinophil Researchers organized a day-long symposium focused on breakthrough discoveries in EGIDs.

The symposium featured a review of recent discoveries in the basic biology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of EGIDs. Topics included diagnostic and management approaches, as well as clinical trials of emerging therapies.

Kliewer KL, Murray-Petzold C, Collins MH, Abonia JP, Bolton SM, DiTommaso LA, Martin LJ, Zhang X, Mukkada VA, Putnam PE, Kellner ES, Devonshire AL, Schwartz JT, Kunnathur VA, Rosenberg CE, Lyles JL, Shoda T, Klion AD, Rothenberg ME. Benralizumab for eosinophilic gastritis: a single-site, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023 Sep;8(9):803-815. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(23)00145-0. Epub 2023 Jun 16.

Mehta P, Pan Z, Zhou W, Burger C, Menard-Katcher C, Bailey DD, Furuta GT. Examining Disparities in Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2023 Sep;11(9):2855-2859. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.06.011. Epub 2023 Jun 14.

Gonsalves N, Doerfler B, Zalewski A, Yang GY, Martin LJ, Zhang X, Shoda T, Brusilovsky M, Aceves S, Thompson K, Rudman Spergel AK, Furuta G, Rothenberg ME, Hirano I. Prospective study of an amino acid-based elemental diet in an eosinophilic gastritis and gastroenteritis nutrition trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2023 Sep;152(3):676-688. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.05.024. Epub 2023 Jul 18.

Uchida AM, Burk CM, Rothenberg ME, Furuta GT, Spergel JM. Recent Advances in the Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2023 Sep;11(9):2654-2663. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.06.035. Epub 2023 Jun 28.

Benitez AJ, McGar A, Kohser K, Gibbons T, Muir A, Mascarenhas M, Rossi C, Dogias F, Golden A, Kassam-Adams N, Marsac ML. The Cellie Coping Kit for children with Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes. J Child Health Care. 2023 Sep;27(3):374-385. doi: 10.1177/13674935211064126. Epub 2022 Jan 3.

Rothenberg ME, Dellon ES, Collins MH, Hirano I, Chehade M, Bredenoord AJ, Lucendo AJ, Spergel JM, Sun X, Hamilton JD, Mortensen E, Laws E, Maloney J, Mannent LP, McCann E, Liu X, Glotfelty L, Shabbir A. Efficacy and safety of dupilumab up to 52 weeks in adults and adolescents with eosinophilic oesophagitis (LIBERTY EoE TREET study): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023 Aug 31:S2468-1253(23)00204-2. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(23)00204-2. Online ahead of print.

Rubenstein JH, Fontaine S, MacDonald PW, Burns JA, Evans RR, Arasim ME, Chang JW, Firsht EM, Hawley ST, Saini SD, Wallner LP, Zhu J, Waljee AK. Predicting Incident Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus or Gastric Cardia Using Machine Learning of Electronic Health Records. Gastroenterology. 2023 Dec;165(6):1420-1429.e10. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.08.011. Epub 2023 Aug 18.

Chehade M, Furuta G, Klion A, Abonia JP, Aceves S, Bose P, Collins MH, Davis C, Dellon ES, Eickel G, Falk G, Gupta S, Hiremath G, Howard A, Jensen ET, Kesh S, Khoury P, Kocher K, Kodroff E, Kyle S, Mak N, McCoy D, Mehta P, Menard-Katcher P, Mukkada V, Paliana A, Rothenberg M, Sable K, Schmitt C, Scott M, Spergel J, Strobel MJ, Wechsler JB, Yang GY, Zicarelli A, Muir AB, Wright BL, Bailey DD. Enhancing diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility in eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease research: the consortium for eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease researchers' journey. Ther Adv Rare Dis. 2023 Aug 14;4:26330040231180895. doi: 10.1177/26330040231180895. PMID: 37588777; PMCID: PMC10426297

Eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases (EGIDs) are a group of chronic immune system disorders in which inflammation causes difficulties in daily life and the buildup of a type of white blood cell (eosinophils) in the gastrointestinal tract, which can lead to tissue damage and dysfunction.

To address systemic bias in patient care and research in EGIDs, the Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers (CEGIR) recently formed a diversity committee. The CEGIR diversity committee has defined its purpose through mission and vision statements. The committee has also developed structured educational and research initiatives to enhance diversity, equity, inclusivity, and accessibility (DEIA) in all CEGIR activities.

In this review article, researchers share the process of forming the diversity committee, highlighting milestones achieved and summarizing future directions. Authors hope that this report will serve as a guide and an inspiration for other researchers to enhance DEIA in their fields.

Chang JW, Kliewer K, Haller E, Lynett A, Doerfler B, Katzka DA, Peterson KA, Dellon ES, Gonsalves N; Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers. Development of a Practical Guide to Implement and Monitor Diet Therapy for Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023 Jul;21(7):1690-1698. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2023.03.006. Epub 2023 Mar 16.

Ben-Baruch Morgenstern N, Shoda T, Rochman Y, Caldwell JM, Collins MH, Mukkada V, Putnam PE, Bolton SM, Felton JM, Rochman M, Murray-Petzold C, Kliewer KL, Rothenberg ME. Local type 2 immunity in eosinophilic gastritis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2023 Jul;152(1):136-144. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.01.021. Epub 2023 Feb 7.

Leiman DA, Kamal AN, Otaki F, Bredenoord AJ, Dellon ES, Falk GW, Fernandez-Becker NQ, Gonsalves N, Hirano I, Katzka DA, Peterson K, Yadlapati R, Kathpalia P. Quality Indicators for the Diagnosis and Management of Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023 Jun 1;118(6):1091-1095. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002138. Epub 2022 Dec 23.

Masuda MY, LeSuer WE, Horsley-Silva JL, Putikova A, Buras MR, Gibson JB, Pyon GC, Simmons TD, Doyle AD, Wright BL. Food-Specific IgG4 Is Elevated Throughout the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract in Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2023 Jun;68(6):2406-2413. doi: 10.1007/s10620-023-07924-2. Epub 2023 Mar 27.

Gautam Y, Caldwell J, Kottyan L, Chehade M, Dellon ES, Rothenberg ME, Mersha TB; Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers (CEGIR) investigators. Genome-wide admixture and association analysis identifies African ancestry-specific risk loci of eosinophilic esophagitis in African Americans. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2023 May;151(5):1337-1350. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.09.040. Epub 2022 Nov 15.

Kliewer KL, Gonsalves N, Dellon ES, Katzka DA, Abonia JP, Aceves SS, Arva NC, Besse JA, Bonis PA, Caldwell JM, Capocelli KE, Chehade M, Cianferoni A, Collins MH, Falk GW, Gupta SK, Hirano I, Krischer JP, Leung J, Martin LJ, Menard-Katcher P, Mukkada VA, Peterson KA, Shoda T, Rudman Spergel AK, Spergel JM, Yang GY, Zhang X, Furuta GT, Rothenberg ME. One-food versus six-food elimination diet therapy for the treatment of eosinophilic oesophagitis: a multicentre, randomised, open-label trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023 May;8(5):408-421. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(23)00012-2. Epub 2023 Feb 28.

Hirano I, Rothenberg ME, Zhang S, de Oliveira C, Charriez CM, Coyne KS, Bacci ED, Dellon ES. Dysphagia Days as an Assessment of Clinical Treatment Outcome in Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023 Apr 1;118(4):744-747. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002094. Epub 2022 Dec 20.

Shoda T, Rochman M, Collins MH, Caldwell JM, Mack LE, Osswald GA, Mukkada VA, Putnam PE, Rothenberg ME. Molecular analysis of duodenal eosinophilia. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2023 Apr;151(4):1027-1039. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.12.814. Epub 2022 Dec 30.

Salvador Nunes VS, Straumann A, Salvador Nunes L, Schoepfer AM, Greuter T. Eosinophilic Esophagitis beyond Eosinophils - an Emerging Phenomenon Overlapping with Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum (CIA) Update 2023. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2023;184(5):411-420. doi: 10.1159/000529910. Epub 2023 Mar 27.

Hiremath G, Sun L, Collins MH, Bonis PA, Arva NC, Capocelli KE, Chehade M, Davis CM, Falk GW, Gonsalves N, Gupta SK, Hirano I, Leung J, Khoury P, Mukkada VA, Martin LJ, Spergel JM, Wechsler JB, Yang GY, Aceves SS, Furuta GT, Rothenberg ME, Koyama T, Dellon ES. Esophageal Epithelium and Lamina Propria Are Unevenly Involved in Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023 Mar 24:S1542-3565(23)00222-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2023.03.014. Online ahead of print.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a disorder in which eosinophils (white blood cells of the immune system) build up in the esophagus (the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach), causing tissue damage. The nature of the involvement of esophageal tissue has been unclear.

In this study, the investigators estimated the intrabiopsy site agreements of an established EoE histologic scoring system (EoEHSS) in the esophageal epithelial and lamina propria and examined if the disease activity status influenced the intrabiopsy site agreement. Comparisons were made between proximal:distal, proximal:middle, and middle:distal esophageal biopsy sites.

Results show that except for the extent of dilated intercellular spaces in inactive EoE, epithelial features and lamina propria were unevenly affected across esophageal biopsy sites, regardless of disease status. Authors note that these findings enhance our understanding of the effects of EoE on esophageal tissue pathology.

Applequist J, Burroughs C, Merkel PA, Rothenberg M, Trapnell B, Desnick R, Sahin M, Krischer J. Direct-to-Consumer Recruitment Methods via Traditional and Social Media to Aid in Research Accrual for Clinical Trials for Rare Diseases: Comparative Analysis Study. J Med Internet Res. 2023 Mar 14;25:e39262. doi: 10.2196/39262.

Furuta GT, Fillon SA, Williamson KM, Robertson CE, Stevens MJ, Aceves SS, Arva NC, Chehade M, Collins MH, Davis CM, Dellon ES, Falk GW, Gonsalves N, Gupta SK, Hirano I, Khoury P, Leung J, Martin LJ, Menard-Katcher P, Mukkada VA, Peterson K, Spergel JM, Wechsler JB, Yang GY, Rothenberg ME, Harris JK. Mucosal Microbiota Associated With Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Eosinophilic Gastritis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2023 Mar 1;76(3):347-354. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000003685. Epub 2022 Dec 16. PMID: 36525669.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and eosinophilic gastritis (EoG) are disorders in which eosinophils (white blood cells) of the immune system build up as a reaction to foods or allergens, causing tissue damage. This immune response occurs in the esophagus in EoE and in the stomach in EoG. To better understand the association of gut microbiota (microorganisms in the digestive tract) with EoE and EoG, multicenter studies with large patient cohorts are needed.

In this study, researchers identified the mucosal microbiota associated with EoE and EoG in a geographically diverse cohort of patients. The team collected and analyzed clinical data, mucosal biopsies, and stool of pediatric and adult individuals with eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease (EGID) from 10 clinical sites within the Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers.

Not surprisingly, microbiome samples collected in the esophagus and stomach were not similar to those collected in the stool, thus emphasizing the importance of site-specific capture of data. Taxa associated with EGIDs varied highly among individuals. Authors note that further research is needed to determine if therapeutic interventions contribute to these differences.

Sindher SB, Barshow S, Tirumalasetty J, Arasi S, Atkins D, Bauer M, Bégin P, Collins MH, Deschildre A, Doyle AD, Fiocchi A, Furuta GT, Garcia-Lloret M, Mennini M, Rothenberg ME, Spergel JM, Wang J, Wood RA, Wright BL, Zuberbier T, Chin AR, Long A, Nadeau KC, Chinthrajah RS. The role of biologics in pediatric food allergy and eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2023 Mar;151(3):595-606. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.01.007. PMID: 36872039; PMCID: PMC9993424.

Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs) are a group of chronic immune system disorders in which a type of white blood cell (eosinophils) build up in the gastrointestinal tract, causing inflammation or injury. EGIDs and food allergy (FA) share similar inflammatory mechanisms. Because of this, many of the same biologics (medications developed from biological sources) are being investigated to target these mechanisms in both EGIDs and FA.

In this review article, a team of researchers led by CEGIR scholars discuss the enormous potential of biologics for the treatment of EGIDs and FA in pediatric patients. Discussion includes past and current research into the use of biologics in FA and EGIDs, as well as their potential role in improving treatment options in the future. Authors also note the need for wider availability of biologics for clinical use.

Dellon ES, Spergel JM. Biologics in eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2023 Jan;130(1):21-27. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.06.015. Epub 2022 Jun 20.

Underwood B, Troutman TD, Schwartz JT. Breaking down the complex pathophysiology of eosinophilic esophagitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2023 Jan;130(1):28-39. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.10.026. Epub 2022 Nov 6.

Doyle AD, Masuda MY, Pyon GC, Luo H, Putikova A, LeSuer WE, Flashner S, Rank MA, Nakagawa H, Kita H, Wright BL. Detergent exposure induces epithelial barrier dysfunction and eosinophilic inflammation in the esophagus. Allergy. 2023 Jan;78(1):192-201. doi: 10.1111/all.15457. Epub 2022 Aug 8.

Chang JW, Kliewer K, Katzka DA, Peterson KA, Gonsalves N, Gupta SK, Furuta GT, Dellon ES. Provider Beliefs, Practices, and Perceived Barriers to Dietary Elimination Therapy in Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Dec 1;117(12):2071-2074. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001988. Epub 2022 Sep 1. PMID: 36066475; PMCID: PMC9722505.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a disorder in which eosinophils (white blood cells of the immune system) build up in the esophagus (the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach), causing tissue damage. This immune response can occur as a reaction to certain foods. Although effective dietary treatments are often available, physicians tend to prefer medications. In this study, researchers assessed providers’ perceptions of EoE dietary therapy, including effectiveness, practice patterns, and barriers. The team collected this data through a web-based survey of providers. Results show that providers view diet as the least effective treatment for EoE. Barriers to treatment include the belief that patients are disinterested and unlikely to adhere. In addition, providers indicated that with less access to dietitians, nonacademic providers often manage diets without dietitian guidance. As patients are often highly accepting of diets and multiple treatment options for EoE, authors state that clinicians need evidence-based knowledge on EoE diets, access to dietitians, and awareness of patient preferences.

Arar AM, DeLay K, Leiman DA, Menard-Katcher P. Esophageal Manifestations of Dermatological Diseases, Diagnosis and Management. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2022 Dec;20(4):513-528. doi: 10.1007/s11938-022-00399-6. Epub 2022 Oct 18.

Robinson LB, Ruffner MA. Proton Pump Inhibitors in Allergy: Benefits and Risks. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022 Dec;10(12):3117-3123. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.09.022. Epub 2022 Sep 23.

Rothenberg ME. Scientific journey to the first FDA-approved drug for eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022 Dec;150(6):1325-1332. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.09.027. Epub 2022 Oct 6.

Masuda MY, Barshow SM, Garg S, Putikova A, LeSuer WE, Alexander JA, Katzka DA, Dellon ES, Kita H, Horsley-Silva JL, Doyle AD, Wright BL. Eosinophil Peroxidase Staining Enhances the Diagnostic Utility of the Cytosponge in Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2022 Nov 1;13(11):e00534. doi: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000534.

Namjou B, Lape M, Malolepsza E, DeVore SB, Weirauch MT, Dikilitas O, Jarvik GP, Kiryluk K, Kullo IJ, Liu C, Luo Y, Satterfield BA, Smoller JW, Walunas TL, Connolly J, Sleiman P, Mersha TB, Mentch FD, Hakonarson H, Prows CA, Biagini JM, Khurana Hershey GK, Martin LJ, Kottyan L; eMERGE Network. Multiancestral polygenic risk score for pediatric asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022 Nov;150(5):1086-1096. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.03.035. Epub 2022 May 18.

Larey A, Aknin E, Daniel N, Osswald GA, Caldwell JM, Rochman M, Wasserman T, Collins MH, Arva NC, Yang GY, Rothenberg ME, Savir Y. Harnessing artificial intelligence to infer novel spatial biomarkers for the diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022 Oct 21;9:950728. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.950728. eCollection 2022.

Ruffner MA, Cotton CC, Dellon ES. Posttreatment Gene Scores Support Histologic and Endoscopic Response Thresholds in Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Sep 1;117(9):1519-1522. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001802. Epub 2022 Apr 26.

Wechsler JB, Bolton SM, Gray E, Kim KY, Kagalwalla AF. Defining the Patchy Landscape of Esophageal Eosinophilia in Children With Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Sep;20(9):1971-1976.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.12.023. Epub 2021 Dec 23.

Wright BL. Should We Pretreat Before We Go Nuts? Antihistamines Modestly Reduce the Side Effects of Peanut Oral Immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022 Sep;10(9):2395-2396. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.06.015.

Greuter T, Straumann A, Fernandez-Marrero Y, Germic N, Hosseini A, Yousefi S, Simon D, Collins MH, Bussmann C, Chehade M, Dellon ES, Furuta GT, Gonsalves N, Hirano I, Moawad FJ, Biedermann L, Safroneeva E, Schoepfer AM, Simon HU. Characterization of eosinophilic esophagitis variants by clinical, histological, and molecular analyses: A cross-sectional multi-center study. Allergy. 2022 Aug;77(8):2520-2533. doi: 10.1111/all.15233. Epub 2022 Feb 17. PMID: 35094416.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an allergic condition characterized by inflammation in the esophagus that causes a range of symptoms. Patients can have symptoms of esophageal dysfunction without meeting the classical diagnostic criteria. To characterize and classify the range of variants, an international team of researchers studied 69 patients with EoE variants. They identified and described three histological subtypes. Study authors concluded that EoE variants appear to be part of a disease spectrum, with classical EoE as the most common and apparent phenotype.

Wright BL, Schwartz JT, Ruffner MA, Furuta GT, Gonsalves N, Dellon ES, Aceves SS. Eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases make a name for themselves: A new consensus statement with updated nomenclature. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022 Aug;150(2):291-293. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.05.012. Epub 2022 May 29. PMID: 35649464; PMCID: PMC9378528.

Eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases (EGIDs) are a group of chronic immune system disorders in which a type of white blood cell (eosinophils) build up in the gastrointestinal tract, causing inflammation or injury. Consensus recommendations have been developed for diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), the most common EGID. However, there are currently no consensus guidelines for diagnosis of non-EoE EGIDs. Standardization of EGID terminology is one of the first priorities for developing these guidelines. In this study, a large group of researchers and clinicians aimed to reach international consensus for EGID nomenclature. The team used multiple rounds of surveys to develop a new tiered framework for EGID terms. Authors note that this revision of terms could advance both clinical care and research in EGIDs. Next steps include selection of specific disease markers and thresholds, definition of symptoms, exclusion of alternative diagnoses, and duration of disease.

Seibold MA, Moore CM, Everman JL, Williams BJM, Nolin JD, Fairbanks-Mahnke A, Plender EG, Patel BB, Arbes SJ, Bacharier LB, Bendixsen CG, Calatroni A, Camargo CA Jr, Dupont WD, Furuta GT, Gebretsadik T, Gruchalla RS, Gupta RS, Khurana Hershey GK, Murrison LB, Jackson DJ, Johnson CC, Kattan M, Liu AH, Lussier SJ, O'Connor GT, Rivera-Spoljaric K, Phipatanakul W, Rothenberg ME, Seroogy CM, Teach SJ, Zoratti EM, Togias A, Fulkerson PC, Hartert TV; HEROS study team. Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission in households with children with asthma and allergy: A prospective surveillance study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022 Aug;150(2):302-311. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.05.014. Epub 2022 Jun 1. PMID: 35660376; PMCID: PMC9155183.

Children and people with asthma or other allergic diseases are typically known as high-risk groups for many respiratory viruses. However, it is currently unknown whether these groups are at increased risk for severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In this study, researchers aimed to determine the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in households with children, as well as whether self-reported asthma or other allergic diseases are associated with infection and household transmission. Participants included allergic disease patients from the Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers (CEGIR), which provided an accessible cohort for the study. For six months, the team collected biweekly nasal swabs and weekly surveys to calculate the probabilities of infection and transmission. Researchers then used regression analyses to determine associated risk factors. Results suggest that asthma does not increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Food allergy was associated with lower infection risk, while body mass index was associated with increased infection risk. Authors note that understanding how these factors modify infection risk may offer new avenues for preventing infection.

Fulkerson PC, Lussier SJ, Bendixsen CG, Castina SM, Gebretsadik T, Marlin JS, Russell PB, Seibold MA, Everman JL, Moore CM, Snyder BM, Thompson K, Tregoning GS, Wellford S, Arbes SJ, Bacharier LB, Calatroni A, Camargo CA, Dupont WD, Furuta GT, Gruchalla RS, Gupta RS, Hershey GK, Jackson DJ, Johnson CC, Kattan M, Liu AH, Murrison L, Oâ Connor GT, Phipatanakul W, Rivera-Spoljaric K, Rothenberg ME, Seroogy CM, Teach SJ, Zoratti EM, Togias A, Hartert TV. Human Epidemiology and RespOnse to SARS-CoV-2 (HEROS): Objectives, Design and Enrollment Results of a 12-City Remote Observational Surveillance Study of Households with Children using Direct-to-Participant Methods. medRxiv. 2022 Jul 10:2022.07.09.22277457. doi: 10.1101/2022.07.09.22277457. Preprint.

Strauss AL, Falk GW. Refractory eosinophilic esophagitis: what to do when the patient has not responded to proton pump inhibitors, steroids and diet. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2022 Jul 1;38(4):395-401. doi: 10.1097/MOG.0000000000000842.

Dellon ES, Khoury P, Muir AB, Liacouras CA, Safroneeva E, Atkins D, Collins MH, Gonsalves N, Falk GW, Spergel JM, Hirano I, Chehade M, Schoepfer AM, Menard-Katcher C, Katzka DA, Bonis PA, Bredenoord AJ, Geng B, Jensen ET, Pesek RD, Feuerstadt P, Gupta SK, Lucendo AJ, Genta RM, Hiremath G, McGowan EC, Moawad FJ, Peterson KA, Rothenberg ME, Straumann A, Furuta GT, Aceves SS. A Clinical Severity Index for Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Development, Consensus, and Future Directions. Gastroenterology.. 2022 Jul;163(1):59-76. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.03.025. Epub 2022 May 20. PMID: 35606197; PMCID: PMC9233087.

For patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), an allergic inflammatory disease that damages the esophagus, therapeutic options and management are dictated by disease severity. However, the process for determining severity varies among practitioners. Reducing this variability could help improve clinicians’ ability to monitor EoE in an office setting. In this study, researchers aimed to create an international consensus severity scoring index for EoE. First, a group of adult and pediatric EoE researchers and clinicians—as well as non-EoE allergy immunology and gastroenterology experts—reviewed existing literature on EoE in the context of progression and severity. Next, a steering committee reached consensus on important features of severity. These features were then distilled to categorize patients with EoE as having inactive, mild, moderate, or severe disease. This new simplified scoring system, called the Index of Severity for Eosinophilic Esophagitis (I-SEE), can be completed at routine clinic visits. The system can help guide practitioners in EoE management by standardizing features of disease severity beyond eosinophil counts. To increase its utilization and functionality, authors note that I-SEE should be validated and refined using data from future clinical trials and routine clinical practice.

Dellon ES, Khoury P, Muir AB, Liacouras CA, Safroneeva E, Atkins D, Collins MH, Gonsalves N, Falk GW, Spergel JM, Hirano I, Chehade M, Schoepfer AM, Menard-Katcher C, Katzka DA, Bonis PA, Bredenoord AJ, Geng B, Jensen ET, Pesek RD, Feuerstadt P, Gupta SK, Lucendo AJ, Genta RM, Hiremath G, McGowan EC, Moawad FJ, Peterson KA, Rothenberg ME, Straumann A, Furuta GT, Aceves SS. A Clinical Severity Index for Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Development, Consensus, and Future Directions. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022 Jul;150(1):33-47. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.03.015. Epub 2022 May 20.

Daniel N, Larey A, Aknin E, Osswald GA, Caldwell JM, Rochman M, Collins MH, Yang GY, Arva NC, Capocelli KE, Rothenberg ME, Savir Y. A Deep Multi-Label Segmentation Network For Eosinophilic Esophagitis Whole Slide Biopsy Diagnostics. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2022 Jul;2022:3211-3217. doi: 10.1109/EMBC48229.2022.9871086.

Chang JW, Chen VL, Rubenstein JH, Dellon ES, Wallner LP, De Vries R. What patients with eosinophilic esophagitis may not share with their providers: a qualitative assessment of online health communities. Dis Esophagus. 2022 Jun 15;35(6):doab073. doi: 10.1093/dote/doab073. PMID: 34718475.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an allergic inflammatory disease that damages the esophagus. Little is known about how patients with EoE experience their symptoms, receive care, and cope with their disease. Often, patients seek peer support from online communities. As an unfiltered source of patient perspectives, these communities can provide insights on unmet needs and barriers to care. In this study, researchers performed a qualitative analysis of electronic health forums to characterize patient-to-patient conversations about EoE symptoms and the experience of disease. The team analyzed a random sample of conversation threads from three publicly accessible electronic health forums hosting EoE communities. Results showed that patients with EoE interpret their disease as sporadic events and lack reliable sources of knowledge, which may influence how they prioritize treatment. Authors note that providers should equip themselves with evidence-based knowledge, engage in shared decision-making, and look outside of clinical settings in order to recognize barriers to disease management.

Zhang S, Shoda T, Aceves SS, Arva NC, Chehade M, Collins MH, Dellon ES, Falk GW, Gonsalves N, Gupta SK, Hirano I, Khoury P, Leung J, Spergel AKR, Spergel JM, Wechsler JB, Yang GY, Furuta GT, Rothenberg ME; Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers (CEGIR) Investigators Group. Mast cell-pain connection in eosinophilic esophagitis. Allergy. 2022 Jun;77(6):1895-1899. doi: 10.1111/all.15260. Epub 2022 Mar 3.

Bon L, Safroneeva E, Bussmann C, Biedermann L, Schreiner P, Vavricka SR, Schoepfer AM, McCright-Gill T, Simon HU, Straumann A, Chehade M, Greuter T. Close follow-up is associated with fewer stricture formation and results in earlier detection of histological relapse in the long-term management of eosinophilic esophagitis. United European Gastroenterol J. 2022 Apr;10(3):308-318. doi: 10.1002/ueg2.12216. Epub 2022 Apr 5. PMID: 35384368.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is characterized by immune cells called eosinophils building up in the esophagus, which may cause polyps, tissue break down, inflammation, and ulcers. The follow-up schedule for maintenance treatment of EoE varies, possibly due to a lack of a recommended schedule. In this study, researchers analyzed "close follow-up" (less than 18 months between maintenance visits) and "non-close follow-up" (greater than or equal to 18 months between maintenance visits) for steroid treatment of EoE. They found that close follow-up was associated with less stricture formation (abnormal narrowing) and earlier detection of EoE relapse by histology. Authors note that regular assessment of EoE disease activity (every 12-18 months) may be beneficial in detecting relapsing disease as early as possible, therefore potentially minimizing the risk for EoE complications.

Safroneeva E, Pan Z, King E, Martin LJ, Collins MH, Yang GY, Capocelli KE, Arva NC, Abonia JP, Atkins D, Bonis PA, Dellon ES, Falk GW, Gonsalves N, Gupta SK, Hirano I, Leung J, Menard-Katcher PA, Mukkada VA, Schoepfer AM, Spergel JM, Wershil BK, Rothenberg ME, Aceves SS, Furuta GT; Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers. Long-Lasting Dissociation of Esophageal Eosinophilia and Symptoms After Dilation in Adults With Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Apr;20(4):766-775.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.05.049. Epub 2021 May 29.

Dellon ES, Gonsalves N, Rothenberg ME, Hirano I, Chehade M, Peterson KA, Falk GW, Murray JA, Gehman LT, Chang AT, Singh B, Rasmussen HS, Genta RM. Determination of Biopsy Yield That Optimally Detects Eosinophilic Gastritis and/or Duodenitis in a Randomized Trial of Lirentelimab. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Mar;20(3):535-545.e15. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.05.053. Epub 2021 Jun 2.

Rothenberg ME, Hottinger SKB, Gonsalves N, Furuta GT, Collins MH, Talley NJ, Peterson K, Menard-Katcher C, Smith M, Hirano I, Genta RM, Chehade M, Gupta SK, Spergel JM, Aceves SS, Dellon ES. Impressions and aspirations from the FDA GREAT VI Workshop on Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorders Beyond Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Perspectives for Progress in the Field. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022 Mar;149(3):844-853. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.12.768. Epub 2021 Dec 22.

Dellon ES, Gonsalves N, Abonia JP, Alexander JA, Arva NC, Atkins D, Attwood SE, Auth MKH, Bailey DD, Biederman L, Blanchard C, Bonis PA, Bose P, Bredenoord AJ, Chang JW, Chehade M, Collins MH, Di Lorenzo C, Dias JA, Dohil R, Dupont C, Falk GW, Ferreira CT, Fox AT, Genta RM, Greuter T, Gupta SK, Hirano I, Hiremath GS, Horsley-Silva JL, Ishihara S, Ishimura N, Jensen ET, Gutiérrez-Junquera C, Katzka DA, Khoury P, Kinoshita Y, Kliewer KL, Koletzko S, Leung J, Liacouras CA, Lucendo AJ, Martin LJ, McGowan EC, Menard-Katcher C, Metz DC, Miller TL, Moawad FJ, Muir AB, Mukkada VA, Murch S, Nhu QM, Nomura I, Nurko S, Ohtsuka Y, Oliva S, Orel R, Papadopoulou A, Patel DA, Pesek RD, Peterson KA, Philpott H, Putnam PE, Richter JE, Rosen R, Ruffner MA, Safroneeva E, Schreiner P, Schoepfer A, Schroeder SR, Shah N, Souza RF, Spechler SJ, Spergel JM, Straumann A, Talley NJ, Thapar N, Vandenplas Y, Venkatesh RD, Vieira MC, von Arnim U, Walker MM, Wechsler JB, Wershil BK, Wright BL, Yamada Y, Yang GY, Zevit N, Rothenberg ME, Furuta GT, Aceves SS. International Consensus Recommendations for Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Nomenclature. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Feb 16:S1542-3565(22)00143-4. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2022.02.017. Online ahead of print.

Hiremath G, Sun L, Correa H, Acra S, Collins MH, Bonis P, Arva NC, Capocelli KE, Falk GW, King E, Gonsalves N, Gupta SK, Hirano I, Mukkada VA, Martin LJ, Putnam PE, Spergel JM, Wechsler JB, Yang GY, Aceves SS, Furuta GT, Rothenberg ME, Koyama T, Dellon ES. Development and Validation of Web-Based Tool to Predict Lamina Propria Fibrosis in Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Feb 1;117(2):272-279. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001587.

Dunn JLM, Rothenberg ME. 2021 year in review: Spotlight on eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022 Feb;149(2):517-524. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.11.012. Epub 2021 Nov 25.

COREOS Collaborators:, Ma C, Schoepfer AM, Dellon ES, Bredenoord AJ, Chehade M, Collins MH, Feagan BG, Furuta GT, Gupta SK, Hirano I, Jairath V, Katzka DA, Pai RK, Rothenberg ME, Straumann A, Aceves SS, Alexander JA, Arva NC, Atkins D, Biedermann L, Blanchard C, Cianferoni A, Ciriza de Los Rios C, Clayton F, Davis CM, de Bortoli N, Dias JA, Falk GW, Genta RM, Ghaffari G, Gonsalves N, Greuter T, Hopp R, Hsu Blatman KS, Jensen ET, Johnston D, Kagalwalla AF, Larsson HM, Leung J, Louis H, Masterson JC, Menard-Katcher C, Menard-Katcher PA, Moawad FJ, Muir AB, Mukkada VA, Penagini R, Pesek RD, Peterson K, Putnam PE, Ravelli A, Savarino EV, Schlag C, Schreiner P, Simon D, Smyrk TC, Spergel JM, Taft TH, Terreehorst I, Vanuytsel T, Venter C, Vieira MC, Vieth M, Vlieg-Boerstra B, von Arnim U, Walker MM, Wechsler JB, Woodland P, Woosley JT, Yang GY, Zevit N, Safroneeva E. Development of a core outcome set for therapeutic studies in eosinophilic esophagitis (COREOS). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022 Feb;149(2):659-670. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.07.001. Epub 2021 Jul 6.

Min S, Shoda T, Wen T, Rothenberg ME. Diagnostic merits of the Eosinophilic Esophagitis Diagnostic Panel from a single esophageal biopsy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022 Feb;149(2):782-787.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.07.032. Epub 2021 Aug 8.

Hara T, Kasagi Y, Wang J, Sasaki M, Aaron B, Karami A, Shimonosono M, Shimonosono R, Maekawa H, Dolinsky L, Wilkins B, Klein J, Wei J, Nunes K, Lynch K, Spergel JM, Hamilton KE, Ruffner MA, Karakasheva TA, Whelan KA, Nakagawa H, Muir AB. CD73(+) Epithelial Progenitor Cells That Contribute to Homeostasis and Renewal Are Depleted in Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;13(5):1449-1467. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.01.018. Epub 2022 Jan 30.

Shoda T, Collins MH, Rochman M, Wen T, Caldwell JM, Mack LE, Osswald GA, Besse JA, Haberman Y, Aceves SS, Arva NC, Capocelli KE, Chehade M, Davis CM, Dellon ES, Falk GW, Gonsalves N, Gupta SK, Hirano I, Khoury P, Klion A, Menard-Katcher C, Leung J, Mukkada V, Putnam PE, Spergel JM, Wechsler JB, Yang GY, Furuta GT, Denson LA, Rothenberg ME; Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases Researchers (CEGIR). Evaluating Eosinophilic Colitis as a Unique Disease using Colonic Molecular Profiles: A Multi-Site Study. Gastroenterology. 2022 Jan 24:S0016-5085(22)00038-5. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.01.022. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35085569.

Eosinphilic colitis (EoC) has been a poorly understood condition with uncertainty whether it is a distinct disease or a manifestation of eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease or inflammatory bowel disease. Researchers from the Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers (CEGIR) seeking to better understand the condition analyzed samples from more than 60 people treated at multiple medical centers v. controls to compare this rare disease to other conditions. They identified and analyzed 987 differentially expressed genes, established EoC transcriptomic profiles, identified mechanistic pathways, and compared findings with related conditions. They concluded that EoC is a distinct disease, establishing a basis for improved diagnosis and treatment.

Hirano I, Collins MH, King E, Sun Q, Chehade M, Abonia JP, Bonis PA, Capocelli KE, Dellon ES, Falk GW, Gonsalves N, Gupta SK, Leung J, Katzka D, Menard-Katcher P, Khoury P, Klion A, Mukkada VA, Peterson K, Rudman-Spergel AK, Spergel JA, Yang GY, Rothenberg ME, Aceves SS, Furuta GT. Prospective Endoscopic Activity Assessment for Eosinophilic Gastritis in a Multisite Cohort. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Jan 20. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001625. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35080202.

Eosinophilic gastritis (EG) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the stomach that occurs when certain white blood cells known as eosinophils gather in large numbers in the stomach, causing injury and irritation. In this study, researchers aimed to better understand the endoscopic manifestations of EG and develop a standardized instrument for investigations. Using data prospectively collected as part of CEGIR, the team evaluated endoscopic features of children and adults with EG recorded with the EG Endoscopic Reference System (EG-REFS). Researchers identified a strong correlation between EG-REFS scores and physician global assessment of endoscopy severity. EG-REFS severity was significantly correlated with active histology and a tendency for the gastric antrum (lower portion of the stomach). The authors note that further development of EG-REFS should improve its utility in clinical studies.

Trogen B, Jin H, Cianferoni A, Chehade M, Schultz F, Chavez A, Warren C, Nowak-Wegrzyn AH. A survey examining the impact of COVID-19 on food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022 Jan;10(1):312-314.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.10.053. Epub 2021 Nov 2.

Zevit N, Chehade M, Leung J, Marderfeld L, Dellon ES. Eosinophilic Esophagitis Patients Are Not at Increased Risk of Severe COVID-19: A Report From a Global Registry. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022 Jan;10(1):143-149.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.10.019. Epub 2021 Oct 22.

McGowan EC, Keller JP, Muir AB, Dellon ES, Peng R, Keet CA, Jensen ET. Distance to pediatric gastroenterology providers is associated with decreased diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis in rural populations. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021 Dec;9(12):4489-4492.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.08.034. Epub 2021 Sep 14. PMID: 34534720; PMCID: PMC8671202.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is characterized by immune cells called eosinophils building up in the esophagus, which may cause polyps, tissue break down, inflammation, and ulcers. In this cross-sectional study, researchers examined data from children enrolled in Medicaid 2012. They found that the apparent lower prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in rural communities was attenuated when adjusting for distance to provider. These results suggest that diagnostic disparities likely exist for eosinophilic esophagitis among children residing in rural areas.

Qeadan F, Chehade M, Tingey B, Egbert J, Dellon ES, Peterson KA. Patients with eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders have lower in-hospital mortality rates related to COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021 Dec;9(12):4473-4476.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.09.022. Epub 2021 Sep 23. PMID: 34563741; PMCID: PMC8459462.

Little is known about eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease (EGID) and COVID-19 outcomes. By reducing viral entry into cells, the mucosal responses of patients with EGID may protect against severe effects of COVID-19. In this study, researchers compared hospitalization rates, ventilator dependence, and death between patients with and without EGID. When compared with non–EGID COVID-19 positive patients, they found that EGID COVID-19 positive individuals stayed longer in the hospital, yet had lower rates of inpatient mortality. This analysis suggests that EGID may provide a protective effect against severe COVID-19 outcomes. In future studies, researchers plan to further explore the protective role of reduced expression of ACE2/TMPRSS2 and the eosinophilic disease itself in COVID-19 mortality.

Hasan SH, Taylor S, Garg S, Buras MR, Doyle AD, Bauer CS, Wright BL, Schroeder S. Diagnosis of Pediatric Non-Esophageal Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorders by Eosinophil Peroxidase Immunohistochemistry. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2021 Nov-Dec;24(6):513-522. doi: 10.1177/10935266211024552. Epub 2021 Jun 28.

Muir A, Falk GW. Eosinophilic Esophagitis: A Review. JAMA. 2021 Oct 5;326(13):1310-1318. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.14920.

Researchers affiliated with the Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers (CEGIR) have published a new review paper examining eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), an allergic inflammatory disease. EoE is characterized by elevated eosinophils (a type of disease-fighting white blood cell) in the esophagus (the tube connecting the mouth to the stomach). It affects an estimated 34.4/100,000 people in Europe and North America, including both children and adults. To diagnose the disease and evaluate treatment efficacy, a doctor inserts a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera at the end through a patient’s mouth, into the stomach, and sometimes into the upper intestine and collects tissue samples. In this paper, researchers discuss symptoms of the disease along with genetic and environmental factors associated with it. They also examine several current therapies, including proton pump inhibitors, topical steroid preparations, dietary therapy, and endoscopic dilation, and summarize recent systematic reviews of therapy trials.

Zimmermann N, Abonia JP, Dreskin SC, Akin C, Bolton S, Happel CS, Geller M, Larenas-Linnemann D, Nanda A, Peterson K, Wasan A, Wechsler J, Zhang S, Bernstein JA. Developing a standardized approach for assessing mast cells and eosinophils on tissue biopsies: A Work Group Report of the AAAAI Allergic Skin Diseases Committee. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021 Oct;148(4):964-983. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.06.030. Epub 2021 Aug 9. PMID: 34384610.

In human tissue biopsies, mast cells and eosinophils are commonly found. However, for several clinical conditions, there are knowledge gaps in determining diagnostic thresholds and how samples are processed, interpreted, and reported. These discrepancies can delay the correct diagnosis of a patient’s condition. A work group of pathology, allergy, dermatology, hematology/oncology, and gastroenterology stakeholders assembled to address this need. Together, the group developed a standardized approach for assessing mast cells and eosinophils in skin, gastrointestinal, and bone marrow pathologic specimens for the benefit of clinical practice and patients.

Melethil S, Abonia JP. A Gut-Wrenching Case of Hypereosinophilia. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021 Sep;9(9):3524-3525. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.05.039. PMID: 34507713.

In a case study of hypereosinophilia, an allergic inflammatory condition in which white blood cells called eosinophils are at high levels in the body, a pediatric patient had recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms and histology showing elevated eosinophils in biopsy specimens. After excluding secondary causes of gastrointestinal eosinophilia, the clinicians diagnosed the patient with eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE). Eosinophilic gastritis (EG) and EGE are a heterogeneous group of rare disorders due to selective eosinophilic infiltration causing inflammation in the stomach and small intestine, in the absence of other secondary causes of eosinophilia. The exact incidence is unknown but is more commonly diagnosed in children younger than 5 years. In adults, the peak age of diagnosis is in the third decade of life. Authors say this case exemplifies two key points for healthcare providers: 1) Refer patients presenting with peripheral eosinophilia and recurrent or persistent gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms for evaluation for an intestinal biopsy and 2) Recognize that eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases can be diagnosed only after other secondary causes of eosinophilia like parasitic infections or drug-induced causes are ruled out.

Chehade M, Aceves SS. Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Diet or Medication?. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021 Sep;9(9):3249-3256. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.07.029. PMID: 34507706.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an allergic inflammatory disease characterized by elevated eosinophils (white blood cells) in the esophagus (the tube connecting the mouth to the stomach). The prevalence of EoE is increasing in children and adults. As a chronic condition currently without a cure, EoE must be carefully managed to prevent complications, such as food impactions in the esophagus or narrowing of the lumen. In this paper, researchers discuss the current approaches for dietary and pharmacologic management of EoE and the need for future clinical trials to help tailor therapies to individual patients with this chronic disease.

Friedlander JA, Fleischer DM, Black JO, Levy M, Rothenberg ME, Smith C, Nguyen N, Pan Z, Furuta GT. Unsedated transnasal esophagoscopy with virtual reality distraction enables earlier monitoring of dietary therapy in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021 Sep;9(9):3494-3496. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.06.030. Epub 2021 Jul 2. PMID: 34224927; PMCID: PMC8459391.

Eosinophilic esophagitis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the esophagus often treated with an elimination diet, where patients avoid specific foods that are triggering the disease. The current standard of care for diagnosis and symptom monitoring requires repeated sedated endoscopy procedures over time. After the initial diagnostic endoscopy, many assessments may be needed to establish the correct diet. For patients, these repeated diagnostic procedures raise issues of risk, cost, and lost time from school and/or work. They also extend the time patients must wait to reintroduce foods. In this study, researchers seeking to address these concerns tested the use of an emerging technology, less invasive monitoring approach compared with standard endoscopy—unsedated transnasal esophagoscopy (TN-Eso) with virtual reality distraction. Although this was a pilot study involving only five patients, the researchers found that TN-Eso was well-tolerated and preferred by patients and families. Tests using the new technology detected the return of esophagitis as soon as two weeks after single-food exposure, suggesting that the timing of food reintroductions could be shortened by 50% to 75%, compared with the traditional endoscopies (which typically occur at 12-week intervals). Study authors say these findings support a shortened challenge period with the use of TN-Eso, which may lead to faster identification of a suitable treatment. The study also demonstrates that food allergen-induced eosinophilic esophagitis occurs within two weeks following exposure to the triggering food.

Ruffner MA, Zhang Z, Maurer K, Muir AB, Cianferoni A, Sullivan KE, Spergel JM. RNA sequencing identifies global transcriptional changes in peripheral CD4(+) cells during active oesophagitis and following epicutaneous immunotherapy in eosinophilic oesophagitis. Clin Transl Immunology. 2021 Jul 22;10(7):e1314. doi: 10.1002/cti2.1314. eCollection 2021.

Davis CM. Moving FORWARD Toward Racial Equity in Food Allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021 Jul;9(7):2874-2875. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.04.066.

Joshi S, Rubenstein JH, Dellon ES, Worthing N, Stefanadis Z, Chang JW. Variability in Practices of Compounding Budesonide for Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021 Jun 1;116(6):1336-1338. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001170.

Sabet C, Klion AD, Bailey D, Jensen E, Chehade M, Abonia JP, Rothenberg ME, Furuta GT, Muir AB; CEGIR Investigator Group. Do rural health disparities affect prevalence data in pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis?. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021 Jun;9(6):2549-2551. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.03.027.

Chang JW, Rubenstein JH, Mellinger JL, Kodroff E, Strobel MJ, Scott M, Mack D, Book W, Sable K, Kyle S, Paliana A, Dellon ES. Motivations, Barriers, and Outcomes of Patient-Reported Shared Decision Making in Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2021 Jun;66(6):1808-1817. doi: 10.1007/s10620-020-06438-5. Epub 2020 Jul 3.

Chiang AWT, Duong LD, Shoda T, Nhu QM, Ruffner M, Hara T, Aaron B, Joplin E, Manresa MC, Abonia JP, Dellon ES, Hirano I, Gonsalves N, Gupta SK, Furuta GT, Rothenberg ME, Lewis NE, Muir AB, Aceves SS; CEGIR Investigator Group. Type 2 Immunity and Age Modify Gene Expression of Coronavirus-induced Disease 2019 Receptors in Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorders. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2021 May 1;72(5):718-722. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000003032.

Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders are inflammatory conditions caused by chronic type 2 (T2) inflammation. In this study, researchers sought to better understand the impact of this T2 inflammation on susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus-induced disease 2019 (COVID-19). Researchers analyzed gene expression data in pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis, eosinophilic gastritis, and in normal adults using publicly available datasets. They concluded that eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases are not risk factors for COVID-19. and that T2 immunity & pediatric age could be protective for SARS-CoV-2 infection in the GI tract.

Benitez AJ, Tanes C, Mattei L, Hofstaedter CE, Kim DK, Gross J, Ruffner MA, Albenberg L, Spergel J, Bittinger K, Muir AB. Effect of topical swallowed steroids on the bacterial and fungal esophageal microbiota in eosinophilic esophagitis. Allergy. 2021 May;76(5):1549-1552. doi: 10.1111/all.14602. Epub 2020 Oct 19.

Wechsler JB, Ackerman SJ, Chehade M, Amsden K, Riffle ME, Wang MY, Du J, Kleinjan ML, Alumkal P, Gray E, Kim KA, Wershil BK, Kagalwalla AF. Noninvasive biomarkers identify eosinophilic esophagitis: A prospective longitudinal study in children. Allergy. 2021 Apr 27. doi: 10.1111/all.14874. Online ahead of print.

Jacobsen EA, Jackson DJ, Heffler E, Mathur SK, Bredenoord AJ, Pavord ID, Akuthota P, Roufosse F, Rothenberg ME. Eosinophil Knockout Humans: Uncovering the Role of Eosinophils Through Eosinophil-Directed Biological Therapies. Annu Rev Immunol. 2021 Apr 26;39:719-757. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-093019-125918. Epub 2021 Mar 1.

Wechsler JB, Schwartz S, Arva NC, Kim KA, Chen L, Makhija M, Amsden K, Keeley K, Mohammed S, Dellon ES, Kagalwalla AF. A Single-Food Milk Elimination Diet Is Effective for Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Children. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Apr 3:S1542-3565(21)00384-0. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.03.049. Online ahead of print.

Moore H, Wechsler J, Frost C, Whiteside E, Baldassano R, Markowitz J, Muir AB. Comorbid Diagnosis of Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the Pediatric Population. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2021 Mar 1;72(3):398-403. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000003002.

Hamant L, Freeman C, Garg S, Wright BL, Schroeder S. Eosinophilic esophagitis may persist after discontinuation of oral immunotherapy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021 Mar;126(3):299-302. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.12.007. Epub 2020 Dec 17.

Shoda T, Wen T, Caldwell JM, Ben-Baruch Morgenstern N, Osswald GA, Rochman M, Mack LE, Felton JM, Abonia JP, Arva NC, Atkins D, Bonis PA, Capocelli KE, Collins MH, Dellon ES, Falk GW, Gonsalves N, Gupta SK, Hirano I, Leung J, Menard-Katcher PA, Mukkada VA, Putnam PE, Rudman Spergel AK, Spergel JM, Wechsler JB, Yang GY, Aceves SS, Furuta GT, Rothenberg ME; Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers (CEGIR) Investigators Group. Loss of Endothelial TSPAN12 Promotes Fibrostenotic Eosinophilic Esophagitis via Endothelial Cell-Fibroblast Crosstalk. Gastroenterology. 2022 Feb;162(2):439-453. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.10.016. Epub 2021 Oct 21. PMID: 34687736; PMCID: PMC8792211.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, antigen-mediated immunologic disease that can progress to fibrostenosis, but the molecular pathogenesis of fibrostenotic EoE is not well understood. This study found that endothelial TSPAN12 contributes to fibrostenotic EoE and is the first molecular correlate of esophageal diameter. These findings provide new insight into previously underrecognized roles of the endothelium in disease pathogenesis. Anti–IL-13 therapy may improve fibrostenotic EoE through normalizing TSPAN12 levels.

Dellon ES, Shaheen O, Koutlas NT, Chang AO, Martin LJ, Rothenberg ME, Jensen ET. Early life factors are associated with risk for eosinophilic esophagitis diagnosed in adulthood. Dis Esophagus. 2021 Feb 10;34(2):doaa074. doi: 10.1093/dote/doaa074.

Schreiner P, Biedermann L, Greuter T, Wright BL, Straumann A. How to approach adult patients with asymptomatic esophageal eosinophilia. Dis Esophagus. 2021 Jan 11;34(1):doaa105. doi: 10.1093/dote/doaa105.

Doyle AD, Masuda MY, Kita H, Wright BL. Eosinophils in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: The Road to Fibrostenosis is Paved With Good Intentions. Front Immunol. 2020 Dec 1;11:603295. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603295. eCollection 2020.

Hiremath G, Krischer JP, Rothenberg ME, Dellon ES. Validation of self-reported diagnosis of eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders patients enrolled in the CEGIR contact registry. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2020 Nov 5:101555. doi: 10.1016/j.clinre.2020.10.001. Online ahead of print.

Jensen ET, Aceves SS, Bonis PA, Bray K, Book W, Chehade M, Collins MH, Dellon ES, Falk GW, Gonsalves N, Gupta SK, Hirano I, Katzka DA, Kyle S, Mack D, Kodroff E, Leung J, Mukkada VA, Scott M, Paliana A, Sable K, Spergel JM, Strobel MJ, Krischer J, Rothenberg ME, Abonia P; CEGIR Investigator group. High Patient Disease Burden in a Cross-sectional, Multicenter Contact Registry Study of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020 Oct;71(4):524-529. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000002817.

Greuter T, Godat A, Ringel A, Almonte HS, Schupack D, Mendoza G, McCright-Gill T, Dellon ES, Hirano I, Alexander J, Chehade M, Safroneeva E, Bussmann C, Biedermann L, Schreiner P, Schoepfer AM, Straumann A, Katzka DA. Effectiveness and Safety of High- vs Low-Dose Swallowed Topical Steroids for Maintenance Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis: A Multicenter Observational Study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Aug 13:S1542-3565(20)31136-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.08.027. Online ahead of print.

Pesek RD, Reed CC, Collins MH, Muir AB, Fulkerson PC, Menard-Katcher C, Falk GW, Kuhl J, Magier AZ, Ahmed FN, Demarshall M, Gupta A, Gross J, Ashorobi T, Carpenter CL, Krischer JP, Gonsalves N, Hirano I, Spergel JM, Gupta SK, Furuta GT, Rothenberg ME, Dellon ES; Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers (CEGIR). Association Between Endoscopic and Histologic Findings in a Multicenter Retrospective Cohort of Patients with Non-esophageal Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorders. Dig Dis Sci. 2020 Jul;65(7):2024-2035. doi: 10.1007/s10620-019-05961-4. Epub 2019 Nov 26.

Chehade M, Brown S. Elimination diets for eosinophilic esophagitis: making the best choice. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2020 Jul;16(7):679-687. doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2020.1801419. Epub 2020 Aug 4.

Slack IF, Schwartz JT, Mukkada VA, Hottinger S, Abonia JP. Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Existing and Upcoming Therapies in an Age of Emerging Molecular and Personalized Medicine. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2020 Jun 6;20(8):30. doi: 10.1007/s11882-020-00928-2.

Dunn JLM, Shoda T, Caldwell JM, Wen T, Aceves SS, Collins MH, Dellon ES, Falk GW, Leung J, Martin LJ, Menard-Katcher P, Rudman-Spergel AK, Spergel JM, Wechsler JB, Yang GY, Furuta GT, Rothenberg ME; Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers (CEGIR). Esophageal type 2 cytokine expression heterogeneity in eosinophilic esophagitis in a multisite cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Jun;145(6):1629-1640.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.01.051. Epub 2020 Mar 19.

Spergel JM, Brown-Whitehorn TA, Muir A, Liacouras CA. Medical algorithm: Diagnosis and treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis in children. Allergy. 2020 Jun;75(6):1522-1524. doi: 10.1111/all.14188. Epub 2020 Jan 31.

Whelan KA, Godwin BC, Wilkins B, Elci OU, Benitez A, DeMarshall M, Sharma M, Gross J, Klein-Szanto AJ, Liacouras CA, Dellon ES, Spergel JM, Falk GW, Muir AB, Nakagawa H. Persistent Basal Cell Hyperplasia Is Associated With Clinical and Endoscopic Findings in Patients With Histologically Inactive Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Jun;18(7):1475-1482.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.08.055. Epub 2019 Sep 6.

Hirano I, Chan ES, Rank MA, Sharaf RN, Stollman NH, Stukus DR, Wang K, Greenhawt M, Falck-Ytter YT; AGA Institute Clinical Guidelines Committee; Joint Task Force on Allergy-Immunology Practice Parameters. AGA institute and the joint task force on allergy-immunology practice parameters clinical guidelines for the management of eosinophilic esophagitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020 May;124(5):416-423. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.03.020.

Hirano I, Chan ES, Rank MA, Sharaf RN, Stollman NH, Stukus DR, Wang K, Greenhawt M, Falck-Ytter YT; AGA Institute Clinical Guidelines Committee; Joint Task Force on Allergy-Immunology Practice Parameters. AGA Institute and the Joint Task Force on Allergy-Immunology Practice Parameters Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2020 May;158(6):1776-1786. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.038.

Rank MA, Sharaf RN, Furuta GT, Aceves SS, Greenhawt M, Spergel JM, Falck-Ytter YT, Dellon ES; AGA Institute Electronic address: clinicalpractice@gastroorg; Joint Task Force on Allergy-Immunology Practice Parameters collaborators Electronic address: drdanawallace@gmailcom; AGA Institute; Joint Task Force on Allergy-Immunology Practice Parameters collaborators. Technical review on the management of eosinophilic esophagitis: a report from the AGA institute and the joint task force on allergy-immunology practice parameters. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020 May;124(5):424-440.e17. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.03.021.

Rank MA, Sharaf RN, Furuta GT, Aceves SS, Greenhawt M, Spergel JM, Falck-Ytter YT, Dellon ES; AGA Institute. Electronic address: clinicalpractice@gastro.org; Joint Task Force on Allergy-Immunology Practice Parameters collaborators. Electronic address: drdanawallace@gmail.com; AGA Institute; Joint Task Force on Allergy-Immunology Practice Parameters collaborators. Technical Review on the Management of Eosinophilic Esophagitis: A Report From the AGA Institute and the Joint Task Force on Allergy-Immunology Practice Parameters. Gastroenterology. 2020 May;158(6):1789-1810.e15. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.039.

Nhu QM, Hsieh L, Dohil L, Dohil R, Newbury RO, Kurten R, Moawad FJ, Aceves SS. Antifibrotic Effects of the Thiazolidinediones in Eosinophilic Esophagitis Pathologic Remodeling: A Preclinical Evaluation. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2020 Apr;11(4):e00164. doi: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000164.

Cafone J, Ruffner MA, Spergel JM. The role of eosinophils in immunotherapy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Apr;20(2):329. doi: 10.1097/ACI.0000000000000617.

Applequist J, Burroughs C, Ramirez A Jr, Merkel PA, Rothenberg ME, Trapnell B, Desnick RJ, Sahin M, Krischer JP. A novel approach to conducting clinical trials in the community setting: utilizing patient-driven platforms and social media to drive web-based patient recruitment. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2020 Mar 13;20(1):58. doi: 10.1186/s12874-020-00926-y.

Hirano I, Furuta GT. Approaches and Challenges to Management of Pediatric and Adult Patients With Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2020 Mar;158(4):840-851. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.09.052. Epub 2019 Dec 10.

Godwin B, Wilkins B, Muir AB. EoE disease monitoring: Where we are and where we are going. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020 Mar;124(3):240-247. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2019.12.004. Epub 2019 Dec 9.

Greuter T, Straumann A. Medical algorithm: Diagnosis and treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis in adults. Allergy. 2020 Mar;75(3):727-730. doi: 10.1111/all.14112. Epub 2019 Dec 5.

Nakagawa H, Kasagi Y, Karakasheva TA, Hara T, Aaron B, Shimonosono M, Kijima T, Giroux V, Bailey D, Wilkins B, Abrams JA, Falk GW, Aceves SS, Spergel JM, Hamilton KE, Whelan KA, Muir AB. Modeling Epithelial Homeostasis and Reactive Epithelial Changes in Human and Murine Three-Dimensional Esophageal Organoids. Curr Protoc Stem Cell Biol. 2020 Mar;52(1):e106. doi: 10.1002/cpsc.106.

Nhu QM, Aceves SS. Unanswered questions in eosinophilic esophagitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020 Mar;124(3):227-228. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2019.12.003. Epub 2019 Dec 9.

Bolton SM, Kagalwalla AF, Arva NC, Wang MY, Amsden K, Melin-Aldana H, Dellon ES, Bryce PJ, Wershil BK, Wechsler JB. Mast Cell Infiltration Is Associated With Persistent Symptoms and Endoscopic Abnormalities Despite Resolution of Eosinophilia in Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020 Feb;115(2):224-233. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000474.

Muir AB, Whelan KA, Dougherty MK, Aaron B, Navarre B, Aceves SS, Dellon ES, Jensen ET. The potential for malignancy from atopic disorders and allergic inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2020 Feb;50(2):147-159. doi: 10.1111/cea.13537. Epub 2019 Dec 20.

Aceves S, Collins MH, Rothenberg ME, Furuta GT, Gonsalves N; Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers (CEGIR). Advancing patient care through the Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers (CEGIR). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Jan;145(1):28-37. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.11.012. Epub 2019 Nov 20.

Greuter T, Hirano I, Dellon ES. Emerging therapies for eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Jan;145(1):38-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.10.027. Epub 2019 Nov 6.

Pesek RD, Rothenberg ME. Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease below the belt. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Jan;145(1):87-89.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.10.013. Epub 2019 Oct 24.

Shoda T, Wen T, Caldwell JM, Collins MH, Besse JA, Osswald GA, Abonia JP, Arva NC, Atkins D, Capocelli KE, Dellon ES, Falk GW, Gonsalves N, Gupta SK, Hirano I, Mukkada VA, Putnam PE, Sheridan RM, Rudman Spergel AK, Spergel JM, Wechsler JB, Yang GY, Aceves SS, Furuta GT, Rothenberg ME; Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers (CEGIR). Molecular, endoscopic, histologic, and circulating biomarker-based diagnosis of eosinophilic gastritis: Multi-site study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Jan;145(1):255-269. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.11.007. Epub 2019 Nov 16.

Kottyan LC, Parameswaran S, Weirauch MT, Rothenberg ME, Martin LJ. The genetic etiology of eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Jan;145(1):9-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.11.013.

Bailey DD, Zhang Y, van Soldt BJ, Jiang M, Suresh S, Nakagawa H, Rustgi AK, Aceves SS, Cardoso WV, Que J. Use of hPSC-derived 3D organoids and mouse genetics to define the roles of YAP in the development of the esophagus. Development. 2019 Dec 4;146(23):dev178855. doi: 10.1242/dev.178855.

Ruffner MA, Song L, Maurer K, Shi L, Carroll MC, Wang JX, Muir AB, Spergel JM, Sullivan KE. Toll-like receptor 2 stimulation augments esophageal barrier integrity. Allergy. 2019 Dec;74(12):2449-2460. doi: 10.1111/all.13968. Epub 2019 Jul 25.

Dellon ES, Gupta SK. A Conceptual Approach to Understanding Treatment Response in Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Oct;17(11):2149-2160. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.01.030. Epub 2019 Jan 30.

Groft SC, Gopal-Srivastava R, Dellon ES, Gupta SK. How to Advance Research, Education, and Training in the Study of Rare Diseases. Gastroenterology. 2019 Oct;157(4):917-921. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.08.010. Epub 2019 Aug 8.

Lyles J, Rothenberg M. Role of genetics, environment, and their interactions in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic esophagitis. Curr Opin Immunol. 2019 Oct;60:46-53. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.04.004. Epub 2019 May 25.

Olbrich CL, Simerly L, de Zoeten EF, Furuta GT, Spencer LA. Climbing New Mountains: How Antibodies Blocking α4β7 Integrins Tamed Eosinophilic Inflammation of the Intestinal Tract. Dig Dis Sci. 2019 Aug;64(8):2068-2071. doi: 10.1007/s10620-019-05706-3.

Muir AB, Jensen ET, Wechsler JB, Menard-Katcher P, Falk GW, Aceves SS, Furuta GT, Dellon ES, Rothenberg ME, Spergel JM. Overestimation of the diagnosis of eosinophilic colitis with reliance on billing codes. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019 Sep-Oct;7(7):2434-2436. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.03.020. Epub 2019 Mar 25.

Muir AB, Brown-Whitehorn T, Godwin B, Cianferoni A. Eosinophilic esophagitis: early diagnosis is the key. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2019 Aug 15;12:391-399. doi: 10.2147/CEG.S175061. eCollection 2019.

Hiremath G, Rogers E, Kennedy E, Hemler J, Acra S. A Comparative Analysis of Eating Behavior of School-Aged Children with Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Their Caregivers' Quality of Life: Perspectives of Caregivers. Dysphagia. 2019 Aug;34(4):567-574. doi: 10.1007/s00455-019-09984-x. Epub 2019 Feb 2.

Dellon ES. Cost-effective care in eosinophilic esophagitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2019 Aug;123(2):166-172. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2019.04.010. Epub 2019 Apr 19.

Cafone J, Capucilli P, Hill DA, Spergel JM. Eosinophilic esophagitis during sublingual and oral allergen immunotherapy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019 Aug;19(4):350-357. doi: 10.1097/ACI.0000000000000537.

Masterson JC, Biette KA, Hammer JA, Nguyen N, Capocelli KE, Saeedi BJ, Harris RF, Fernando SD, Hosford LB, Kelly CJ, Campbell EL, Ehrentraut SF, Ahmed FN, Nakagawa H, Lee JJ, McNamee EN, Glover LE, Colgan SP, Furuta GT. Epithelial HIF-1α/claudin-1 axis regulates barrier dysfunction in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Clin Invest. 2019 Jul 2;129(8):3224-3235. doi: 10.1172/JCI126744. eCollection 2019 Jul 2.

Kasagi Y, Dods K, Wang JX, Chandramouleeswaran PM, Benitez AJ, Gambanga F, Kluger J, Ashorobi T, Gross J, Tobias JW, Klein-Szanto AJ, Spergel JM, Cianferoni A, Falk GW, Whelan KA, Nakagawa H, Muir AB. Fibrostenotic eosinophilic esophagitis might reflect epithelial lysyl oxidase induction by fibroblast-derived TNF-α. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019 Jul;144(1):171-182. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.10.067. Epub 2018 Dec 20.

Dellon ES. Editorial: the evolving epidemiology of EoE-up, up, and away?. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019 Jun;49(11):1448-1449. doi: 10.1111/apt.15252.

Chehade M, Meyer R, Beauregard A. Feeding difficulties in children with non-IgE-mediated food allergic gastrointestinal disorders. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2019 Jun;122(6):603-609. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2019.03.020. Epub 2019 Mar 26.

Cotton CC, Durban R, Dellon ES. Illuminating Elimination Diets: Controversies Regarding Dietary Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2019 Jun;64(6):1401-1408. doi: 10.1007/s10620-019-05602-w.

Pesek RD, Reed CC, Muir AB, Fulkerson PC, Menard-Katcher C, Falk GW, Kuhl J, Martin EK, Magier AZ, Ahmed F, Demarshall M, Gupta A, Gross J, Ashorobi T, Carpenter CL, Krischer JP, Gonsalves N, Spergel JM, Gupta SK, Furuta GT, Rothenberg ME, Dellon ES; Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers (CEGIR). Increasing Rates of Diagnosis, Substantial Co-Occurrence, and Variable Treatment Patterns of Eosinophilic Gastritis, Gastroenteritis, and Colitis Based on 10-Year Data Across a Multicenter Consortium. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Jun;114(6):984-994. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000228.

Muir A, Moore H, Spergel JM. Minimally symptomatic patients with eosinophilic esophagitis should still be actively treated-PRO. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2019 Jun;122(6):572-573. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2018.09.468. Epub 2018 Oct 5.

Hiremath G, Shilts MH, Boone HH, Correa H, Acra S, Tovchigrechko A, Rajagopala SV, Das SR. The Salivary Microbiome Is Altered in Children With Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Correlates With Disease Activity. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2019 Jun;10(6):e00039. doi: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000039.

Kottyan L, Spergel JM, Cianferoni A. Immunology of the ancestral differences in eosinophilic esophagitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2019 May;122(5):443-444. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2018.10.026. Epub 2018 Nov 7.

DiTommaso LA, Rosenberg CE, Eby MD, Tasco A, Collins MH, Lyles JL, Putnam PE, Mukkada VA, Rothenberg ME. Prevalence of eosinophilic colitis and the diagnoses associated with colonic eosinophilia. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019 May;143(5):1928-1930.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.12.1002. Epub 2019 Jan 14.

Ruffner MA, Capucilli P, Hill DA, Spergel JM. Screening children for eosinophilic esophagitis: allergic and other risk factors. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2019 Apr;15(4):315-318. doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2019.1579643. Epub 2019 Feb 20.

Azouz NP, Rothenberg ME. Mechanisms of gastrointestinal allergic disorders. J Clin Invest. 2019 Mar 11;129(4):1419-1430. doi: 10.1172/JCI124604. eCollection 2019 Mar 11.

Gupta SK, Falk GW, Aceves SS, Chehade M, Collins MH, Dellon ES, Gonsalves N, Hirano I, Mukkuda VA, Peterson KA, Spergel J, Yang GY, Furuta GT, Rothenberg ME; Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers (CEGIR). Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers: Advancing the Field of Eosinophilic GI Disorders Through Collaboration. Gastroenterology. 2019 Mar;156(4):838-842. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.10.057. Epub 2018 Nov 17.

Schwartz JT, Morris DW, Collins MH, Rothenberg ME, Fulkerson PC. Eosinophil progenitor levels correlate with tissue pathology in pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019 Mar;143(3):1221-1224.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.10.036. Epub 2018 Nov 9.

Nguyen N, Baumgarten A, Wright BL, Capocelli KE, Pan Z, Lee JJ, Furuta GT, Masterson JC. Histologic similarities in children with eosinophilic esophagitis and proton pump inhibitor-responsive esophageal eosinophilia. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019 Mar;143(3):1237-1240.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.10.047. Epub 2018 Nov 14.

Nhu QM, Moawad FJ. New Developments in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2019 Mar;17(1):48-62. doi: 10.1007/s11938-019-00216-7.

Dellon ES. No Maintenance, No Gain in Long-term Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Feb;17(3):397-399. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.07.038.

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Spergel JM, Dellon ES, Liacouras CA, Hirano I, Molina-Infante J, Bredenoord AJ, Furuta GT. Authors' response. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2018 Dec;121(6):747-748. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2018.10.015. Epub 2018 Oct 13.

Greuter T, Alexander JA, Straumann A, Katzka DA. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Long-term Management of Eosinophilic Esophagitis- Current Concepts and Perspectives for Steroid Use. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2018 Dec;9(12):e212. doi: 10.1038/s41424-018-0074-8.

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Ruffner MA, Spergel JM. Pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis: updates for the primary care setting. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2018 Dec;30(6):829-836. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000698.

Inage E, Furuta GT, Menard-Katcher C, Masterson JC. Eosinophilic esophagitis: pathophysiology and its clinical implications. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2018 Nov 1;315(5):G879-G886. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00174.2018. Epub 2018 Sep 13.

Hiremath G, Kodroff E, Strobel MJ, Scott M, Book W, Reidy C, Kyle S, Mack D, Sable K, Abonia P, Spergel J, Gupta SK, Furuta TG, Rothenberg ME, Dellon ES. Individuals affected by eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders have complex unmet needs and frequently experience unique barriers to care. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2018 Oct;42(5):483-493. doi: 10.1016/j.clinre.2018.03.003. Epub 2018 Mar 31.

Dellon ES, Liacouras CA, Molina-Infante J, Furuta GT, Spergel JM, Zevit N, Spechler SJ, Attwood SE, Straumann A, Aceves SS, Alexander JA, Atkins D, Arva NC, Blanchard C, Bonis PA, Book WM, Capocelli KE, Chehade M, Cheng E, Collins MH, Davis CM, Dias JA, Di Lorenzo C, Dohil R, Dupont C, Falk GW, Ferreira CT, Fox A, Gonsalves NP, Gupta SK, Katzka DA, Kinoshita Y, Menard-Katcher C, Kodroff E, Metz DC, Miehlke S, Muir AB, Mukkada VA, Murch S, Nurko S, Ohtsuka Y, Orel R, Papadopoulou A, Peterson KA, Philpott H, Putnam PE, Richter JE, Rosen R, Rothenberg ME, Schoepfer A, Scott MM, Shah N, Sheikh J, Souza RF, Strobel MJ, Talley NJ, Vaezi MF, Vandenplas Y, Vieira MC, Walker MM, Wechsler JB, Wershil BK, Wen T, Yang GY, Hirano I, Bredenoord AJ. Updated International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria for Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Proceedings of the AGREE Conference. Gastroenterology. 2018 Oct;155(4):1022-1033.e10. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.07.009. Epub 2018 Sep 6.

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Steinbach EC, Hernandez M, Dellon ES. Eosinophilic Esophagitis and the Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases: Approach to Diagnosis and Management. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018 Sep-Oct;6(5):1483-1495. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.06.012. Epub 2018 Jul 3.

Hill DA, Grundmeier RW, Ramos M, Spergel JM. Eosinophilic Esophagitis Is a Late Manifestation of the Allergic March. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018 Sep-Oct;6(5):1528-1533. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.05.010. Epub 2018 Jun 25.

Naramore S, Gupta SK. Nonesophageal Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorders: Clinical Care and Future Directions. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018 Sep;67(3):318-321. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000002040.

Chehade M, Jones SM, Pesek RD, Burks AW, Vickery BP, Wood RA, Leung DYM, Furuta GT, Fleischer DM, Henning AK, Dawson P, Lindblad RW, Sicherer SH, Abonia JP, Sherrill JD, Sampson HA, Rothenberg ME. Phenotypic Characterization of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in a Large Multicenter Patient Population from the Consortium for Food Allergy Research. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018 Sep-Oct;6(5):1534-1544.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.05.038. Epub 2018 Aug 1.

Spergel JM, Dellon ES, Liacouras CA, Hirano I, Molina-Infante J, Bredenoord AJ, Furuta GT; participants of AGREE. Summary of the updated international consensus diagnostic criteria for eosinophilic esophagitis: AGREE conference. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2018 Sep;121(3):281-284. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2018.05.035. Epub 2018 Jul 18.

Durrani SR, Mukkada VA, Guilbert TW. Eosinophilic Esophagitis: an Important Comorbid Condition of Asthma?. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2018 Aug;55(1):56-64. doi: 10.1007/s12016-018-8670-7.

Ferguson AE, Mukkada VA, Fulkerson PC. Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis Endotypes: Are We Closer to Predicting Treatment Response?. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2018 Aug;55(1):43-55. doi: 10.1007/s12016-017-8658-8.

Aceves SS, King E, Collins MH, Yang GY, Capocelli KE, Abonia JP, Atkins D, Bonis PA, Carpenter CL, Dellon ES, Eby MD, Falk GW, Gonsalves N, Gupta SK, Hirano I, Kocher K, Krischer JP, Leung J, Lipscomb J, Menard-Katcher P, Mukkada VA, Pan Z, Spergel JM, Sun Q, Wershil BK, Rothenberg ME, Furuta GT; Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers (CEGIR). Alignment of parent- and child-reported outcomes and histology in eosinophilic esophagitis across multiple CEGIR sites. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018 Jul;142(1):130-138.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.05.014. Epub 2018 May 29.

Spergel J, Aceves SS. Allergic components of eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018 Jul;142(1):1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.05.001.

Wang R, Hirano I, Doerfler B, Zalewski A, Gonsalves N, Taft T. Assessing Adherence and Barriers to Long-Term Elimination Diet Therapy in Adults with Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2018 Jul;63(7):1756-1762. doi: 10.1007/s10620-018-5045-0. Epub 2018 Apr 2.

Wechsler JB, Hirano I. Biological therapies for eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018 Jul;142(1):24-31.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.05.018. Epub 2018 May 31.

Hiremath G, Dellon ES. Commentary: Individuals affected by Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorders Have Complex Unmet Needs and Experience Barriers to Care. J Rare Dis Res Treat. 2018;3(2):34-36. doi: 10.29245/2572-9411/2018/2.1155. Epub 2018 Jul 17.

Jensen ET, Dellon ES. Environmental factors and eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018 Jul;142(1):32-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.04.015. Epub 2018 May 2.

Wechsler JB, Bolton SM, Amsden K, Wershil BK, Hirano I, Kagalwalla AF. Eosinophilic Esophagitis Reference Score Accurately Identifies Disease Activity and Treatment Effects in Children. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Jul;16(7):1056-1063. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.12.019. Epub 2017 Dec 15.

Ferguson AE, Fulkerson PC. Eosinophilic esophagitis: Time to classify into endotypes?. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018 Jul;142(1):71-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.04.025. Epub 2018 May 8.

Zevit N, Furuta GT. Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis and Colitis: Not Yet Ready for the Big Leagues. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018 Jul;67(1):1-2. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001998.

Shoda T, Wen T, Aceves SS, Abonia JP, Atkins D, Bonis PA, Caldwell JM, Capocelli KE, Carpenter CL, Collins MH, Dellon ES, Eby MD, Gonsalves N, Gupta SK, Falk GW, Hirano I, Menard-Katcher P, Kuhl JT, Krischer JP, Leung J, Mukkada VA, Spergel JM, Trimarchi MP, Yang GY, Zimmermann N, Furuta GT, Rothenberg ME; Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers (CEGIR). Eosinophilic oesophagitis endotype classification by molecular, clinical, and histopathological analyses: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Jul;3(7):477-488. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(18)30096-7. Epub 2018 May 3.

Rochman M, Azouz NP, Rothenberg ME. Epithelial origin of eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018 Jul;142(1):10-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.05.008.

Spergel JM, Aceves SS, Kliewer K, Gonsalves N, Chehade M, Wechsler JB, Groetch M, Friedlander J, Dellon ES, Book W, Hirano I, Muir AB, Cianferoni A, Spencer L, Liacouras CA, Cheng E, Kottyan L, Wen T, Platts-Mills T, Rothenberg ME. New developments in patients with eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases presented at the CEGIR/TIGERS Symposium at the 2018 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Meeting. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018 Jul;142(1):48-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.05.005. Epub 2018 May 24.

Khoury P, Akuthota P, Ackerman SJ, Arron JR, Bochner BS, Collins MH, Kahn JE, Fulkerson PC, Gleich GJ, Gopal-Srivastava R, Jacobsen EA, Leiferman KM, Francesca LS, Mathur SK, Minnicozzi M, Prussin C, Rothenberg ME, Roufosse F, Sable K, Simon D, Simon HU, Spencer LA, Steinfeld J, Wardlaw AJ, Wechsler ME, Weller PF, Klion AD. Revisiting the NIH Taskforce on the Research needs of Eosinophil-Associated Diseases (RE-TREAD). J Leukoc Biol. 2018 Jul;104(1):69-83. doi: 10.1002/JLB.5MR0118-028R. Epub 2018 Apr 19.

Godwin B, Liacouras C, Mehta V, Eisenberg J, Agawu A, Brown-Whitehorn T, Ruffner MA, Verma R, Cianferoni A, Spergel JM, Muir AB. A Review of Tertiary Referrals for Management of Pediatric Esophageal Eosinophilia. Front Pediatr. 2018 Jun 20;6:173. doi: 10.3389/fped.2018.00173. eCollection 2018.

Egan M, Atkins D. What Is the Relationship Between Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) and Aeroallergens? Implications for Allergen Immunotherapy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2018 Jun 16;18(8):43. doi: 10.1007/s11882-018-0798-2.

Azouz NP, Ynga-Durand MA, Caldwell JM, Jain A, Rochman M, Fischesser DM, Ray LM, Bedard MC, Mingler MK, Forney C, Eilerman M, Kuhl JT, He H, Biagini Myers JM, Mukkada VA, Putnam PE, Khurana Hershey GK, Kottyan LC, Wen T, Martin LJ, Rothenberg ME. The antiprotease SPINK7 serves as an inhibitory checkpoint for esophageal epithelial inflammatory responses. Sci Transl Med. 2018 Jun 6;10(444):eaap9736. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aap9736.

Pesek RD, Gupta SK. Emerging drugs for eosinophilic esophagitis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2018 Jun;23(2):173-183. doi: 10.1080/14728214.2018.1483335. Epub 2018 Jun 8.

Hiremath G, Vaezi MF, Gupta SK, Acra S, Dellon ES. Management of Esophageal Food Impaction Varies Among Gastroenterologists and Affects Identification of Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2018 Jun;63(6):1428-1437. doi: 10.1007/s10620-018-4972-0. Epub 2018 Feb 20.

Mark J, Fernando SD, Masterson JC, Pan Z, Capocelli KE, Furuta GT, de Zoeten EF. Clinical Implications of Pediatric Colonic Eosinophilia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018 May;66(5):760-766. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001784.

Martin LJ, He H, Collins MH, Abonia JP, Biagini Myers JM, Eby M, Johansson H, Kottyan LC, Khurana Hershey GK, Rothenberg ME. Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) genetic susceptibility is mediated by synergistic interactions between EoE-specific and general atopic disease loci. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018 May;141(5):1690-1698. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.09.046. Epub 2017 Nov 10.

Wright BL, Nguyen N, Shim KP, Masterson JC, Jacobsen EA, Ochkur SI, Lee JJ, Furuta GT. Increased GATA-3 and T-bet expression in eosinophilic esophagitis versus gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018 May;141(5):1919-1921.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.12.993. Epub 2018 Jan 31.

Philpott H, Dellon E. Histologic improvement after 6 weeks of dietary elimination for eosinophilic esophagitis may be insufficient to determine efficacy. Asia Pac Allergy. 2018 Apr 25;8(2):e20. doi: 10.5415/apallergy.2018.8.e20. eCollection 2018 Apr.

Fahey LM, Chandramouleeswaran PM, Guan S, Benitez AJ, Furuta GT, Aceves SS, Wang ML, Liacouras CA, Muir AB, Sleiman PM, Hakonarson H, Spergel JM, Cianferoni A. Food allergen triggers are increased in children with the TSLP risk allele and eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2018 Mar 6;9(3):139. doi: 10.1038/s41424-018-0003-x.

Ruffner MA, Brown-Whitehorn TF, Verma R, Cianferoni A, Gober L, Shuker M, Muir AB, Liacouras CA, Spergel JM. Clinical tolerance in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018 Mar-Apr;6(2):661-663. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2017.06.035. Epub 2017 Aug 12.

Patel RV, Hirano I. New Developments in the Diagnosis, Therapy, and Monitoring of Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2018 Mar;16(1):15-26. doi: 10.1007/s11938-018-0167-1.

Nguyen N, Fernando SD, Biette KA, Hammer JA, Capocelli KE, Kitzenberg DA, Glover LE, Colgan SP, Furuta GT, Masterson JC. TGF-β1 alters esophageal epithelial barrier function by attenuation of claudin-7 in eosinophilic esophagitis. Mucosal Immunol. 2018 Mar;11(2):415-426. doi: 10.1038/mi.2017.72. Epub 2017 Aug 23.

Atkins D. The Occasional Ebb and Flow between Eosinophilic Esophagitis and IgE-Mediated Food Allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018 Mar-Apr;6(2):651-652. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2017.11.011.

Hill DA, Spergel JM. Is eosinophilic esophagitis a member of the atopic march?. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2018 Feb;120(2):113-114. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2017.10.003.

Hill DA, Spergel JM. The atopic march: Critical evidence and clinical relevance. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2018 Feb;120(2):131-137. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2017.10.037.

Philpott H, Dellon ES. The role of maintenance therapy in eosinophilic esophagitis: who, why, and how?. J Gastroenterol. 2018 Feb;53(2):165-171. doi: 10.1007/s00535-017-1397-z. Epub 2017 Oct 10.

Whelan KA, Muir AB, Nakagawa H. Esophageal 3D Culture Systems as Modeling Tools in Esophageal Epithelial Pathobiology and Personalized Medicine. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Jan 31;5(4):461-478. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.01.011. eCollection 2018.

Kasagi Y, Chandramouleeswaran PM, Whelan KA, Tanaka K, Giroux V, Sharma M, Wang J, Benitez AJ, DeMarshall M, Tobias JW, Hamilton KE, Falk GW, Spergel JM, Klein-Szanto AJ, Rustgi AK, Muir AB, Nakagawa H. The Esophageal Organoid System Reveals Functional Interplay Between Notch and Cytokines in Reactive Epithelial Changes. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Jan 3;5(3):333-352. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.12.013. eCollection 2018 Mar.

Collins MH, Capocelli K, Yang GY. Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorders Pathology. Front Med (Lausanne). 2018 Jan 15;4:261. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00261. eCollection 2017.

Dellon ES, Hirano I. Epidemiology and Natural History of Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2018 Jan;154(2):319-332.e3. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.06.067. Epub 2017 Aug 1.

Safroneeva E, Straumann A, Schoepfer AM. Latest Insights on the Relationship Between Symptoms and Biologic Findings in Adults with Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2018 Jan;28(1):35-45. doi: 10.1016/j.giec.2017.08.001.

O'Shea KM, Aceves SS, Dellon ES, Gupta SK, Spergel JM, Furuta GT, Rothenberg ME. Pathophysiology of Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2018 Jan;154(2):333-345. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.06.065. Epub 2017 Jul 27.

Cheng K, Gupta SK, Kantor S, Kuhl JT, Aceves SS, Bonis PA, Capocelli KE, Carpenter C, Chehade M, Collins MH, Dellon ES, Falk GW, Gopal-Srivastava R, Gonsalves N, Hirano I, King EC, Leung J, Krischer JP, Mukkada VA, Schoepfer A, Spergel JM, Straumann A, Yang GY, Furuta GT, Rothenberg ME. Creating a multi-center rare disease consortium - the Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers (CEGIR). Transl Sci Rare Dis. 2017 Dec 18;2(3-4):141-155. doi: 10.3233/TRD-170016.

Eluri S, Dellon ES. Toward More Efficient Dietary Elimination Therapy for Eosinophilic Esophagitis: The Fantastic 4?. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Nov;15(11):1668-1670. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.07.022. Epub 2017 Jul 26.

Caldwell JM, Paul M, Rothenberg ME. Novel immunologic mechanisms in eosinophilic esophagitis. Curr Opin Immunol. 2017 Oct;48:114-121. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.08.006. Epub 2017 Sep 29.

Case C, Furuta GT, Atkins D, Pan Z, Robinson J. Diet and Stress in Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017 Sep;65(3):281-284. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001481.

Menard-Katcher C, Benitez AJ, Pan Z, Ahmed FN, Wilkins BJ, Capocelli KE, Liacouras CA, Verma R, Spergel JM, Furuta GT, Muir AB. Influence of Age and Eosinophilic Esophagitis on Esophageal Distensibility in a Pediatric Cohort. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017 Sep;112(9):1466-1473. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2017.131. Epub 2017 May 16.

Pesek RD, Rettiganti M, O'Brien E, Beckwith S, Daniel C, Luo C, Scurlock AM, Chandler P, Levy RA, Perry TT, Kennedy JL, Chervinskiy S, Vonlanthen M, Casteel H, Fiedorek SC, Gibbons T, Jones SM. Effects of allergen sensitization on response to therapy in children with eosinophilic esophagitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017 Aug;119(2):177-183. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2017.06.006. Epub 2017 Jul 1.

Abonia JP, Spergel JM, Cianferoni A. Eosinophilic Esophagitis: A Primary Disease of the Esophageal Mucosa. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017 Jul-Aug;5(4):951-955. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2017.02.004. Epub 2017 Mar 28.

Dellon ES. Management of refractory eosinophilic oesophagitis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Aug;14(8):479-490. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.56. Epub 2017 May 24.

Hirano I, Spechler S, Furuta G, Dellon ES. White Paper AGA: Drug Development for Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Aug;15(8):1173-1183. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.03.016. Epub 2017 Mar 22.

Wen T, Rothenberg ME. Clinical Applications of the Eosinophilic Esophagitis Diagnostic Panel. Front Med (Lausanne). 2017 Jul 14;4:108. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00108. eCollection 2017.

Whelan KA, Merves JF, Giroux V, Tanaka K, Guo A, Chandramouleeswaran PM, Benitez AJ, Dods K, Que J, Masterson JC, Fernando SD, Godwin BC, Klein-Szanto AJ, Chikwava K, Ruchelli ED, Hamilton KE, Muir AB, Wang ML, Furuta GT, Falk GW, Spergel JM, Nakagawa H. Autophagy mediates epithelial cytoprotection in eosinophilic oesophagitis. Gut. 2017 Jul;66(7):1197-1207. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310341. Epub 2016 Feb 16.

Eluri S, Book WM, Kodroff E, Strobel MJ, Gebhart JH, Jones PD, Menard-Katcher P, Ferris ME, Dellon ES. Lack of Knowledge and Low Readiness for Health Care Transition in Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017 Jul;65(1):53-57. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001415.

Molina-Infante J, Hirano I, Spechler SJ; PPI-REE Task Force of the European Society of Eosinophilic Oesophagitis (EUREOS). Clarifying misunderstandings and misinterpretations about proton pump inhibitor-responsive oesophageal eosinophilia. Gut. 2017 Jun;66(6):1173-1174. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312851. Epub 2016 Sep 13.

Atkins D, Furuta GT, Liacouras CA, Spergel JM. Eosinophilic esophagitis phenotypes: Ready for prime time?. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2017 Jun;28(4):312-319. doi: 10.1111/pai.12715. Epub 2017 May 4.

Menard-Katcher C, Furuta GT, Kramer RE. Dilation of Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Adverse Events and Short-term Outcomes. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017 May;64(5):701-706. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001336.

Muir AB, Wang ML, Metz D, Falk G, Markowitz J, Spergel JM, Liacouras CA. Proton pump inhibitor-responsive oesophageal eosinophilia: too early to change clinical practice. Gut. 2017 May;66(5):979-980. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312601. Epub 2016 Jul 26.

Mehta P, Sundaram SS, Furuta GT, Pan Z, Atkins D, Markowitz S. Propofol Use in Pediatric Patients With Food Allergy and Eosinophilic Esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017 Apr;64(4):546-549. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001291.

Furuta GT, Aceves SS. The National Biome Initiative: An allergy perspective. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017 Apr;139(4):1131-1134. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.02.008. Epub 2017 Feb 28.

Hill DA, Dudley JW, Spergel JM. The Prevalence of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Pediatric Patients with IgE-Mediated Food Allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017 Mar-Apr;5(2):369-375. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2016.11.020. Epub 2016 Dec 30.

Collins MH, Martin LJ, Alexander ES, Boyd JT, Sheridan R, He H, Pentiuk S, Putnam PE, Abonia JP, Mukkada VA, Franciosi JP, Rothenberg ME. Newly developed and validated eosinophilic esophagitis histology scoring system and evidence that it outperforms peak eosinophil count for disease diagnosis and monitoring. Dis Esophagus. 2017 Feb 1;30(3):1-8. doi: 10.1111/dote.12470.

Nguyen N, Furuta GT, Menard-Katcher C. Sticky Steroids: In Search of an Approved Treatment for Eosinophilic Esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017 Feb;64(2):172-173. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001326.

Atkins D. Aeroallergens in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Significant Triggers or Noise in the System?. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017 Jan;64(1):1-2. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001268.

Dellon ES, Collins MH, Bonis PA, Leung J, Capocelli KE, Dohil R, Falk GW, Furuta GT, Menard-Katcher C, Gupta SK, Hirano I, Hiremath GS, Kagalwalla AF, Wershil BK, Liacouras CA, Muir AB, Mukkada VA, Putnam PE, Schoepfer AM, Straumann A, Wo JM, Yang GY, Rothenberg ME, Gonsalves N. Substantial Variability in Biopsy Practice Patterns Among Gastroenterologists for Suspected Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorders. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Dec;14(12):1842-1844. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2016.04.025. Epub 2016 Apr 22.

Venter C, Fleischer DM. Diets for diagnosis and management of food allergy: The role of the dietitian in eosinophilic esophagitis in adults and children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2016 Nov;117(5):468-471. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2016.08.003. Epub 2016 Aug 31.

Rosenberg HF, Masterson JC, Furuta GT. Eosinophils, probiotics, and the microbiome. J Leukoc Biol. 2016 Nov;100(5):881-888. doi: 10.1189/jlb.3RI0416-202R. Epub 2016 Aug 22.

Ruffner MA, Spergel JM. Non-IgE-mediated food allergy syndromes. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2016 Nov;117(5):452-454. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2016.04.014. Epub 2016 Oct 24.

Wen T, Rothenberg ME. The Regulatory Function of Eosinophils. Microbiol Spectr. 2016 Oct;4(5):10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0020-2015. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0020-2015.

Morris DW, Stucke EM, Martin LJ, Abonia JP, Mukkada VA, Putnam PE, Rothenberg ME, Fulkerson PC. Eosinophil progenitor levels are increased in patients with active pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016 Sep;138(3):915-918.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.027. Epub 2016 May 16.

Muir AB, Benitez AJ, Dods K, Spergel JM, Fillon SA. Microbiome and its impact on gastrointestinal atopy. Allergy. 2016 Sep;71(9):1256-63. doi: 10.1111/all.12943. Epub 2016 Jun 23.

Rawson R, Yang T, Newbury RO, Aquino M, Doshi A, Bell B, Broide DH, Dohil R, Kurten R, Aceves SS. TGF-β1-induced PAI-1 contributes to a profibrotic network in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016 Sep;138(3):791-800.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.02.028. Epub 2016 Apr 8.

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